This glossary includes many Wushu styles, Wushu practitioners, Wushu weapons, and Wushu terms that practitioners of Chinese martial arts can refer to. It is by no means a complete list of all the possible terms in Wushu, but we believe we have compiled the most inclusive list of Wushu styles in one book. Next to the description of the styles and weapons we have included many photos of practitioners of these styles and weapons. All styles and weapons are described under the Chinese pinyin romanization and cross referenced with the English equivalent.

It is not our intent, nor is it possible, to fully describe each and every style in one book. Our intent in this glossary is to present the rich variety of Wushu styles that are available. There are even more styles that have not been included in this glossary. To learn the specifics of each Wushu style we have presented in this glossary, you will need to study from an instructor of that particular style and or other resource. Hopefully, the information given in this book will stir your curiosity to learn more about the different styles out there.

In the list of the known routines named under each style, we have selected some representative routines. It is by no means a complete list of the routines of that style. Also, in our research we found some discrepancies in the information from different sources. We have presented what is available to us. Again, to learn more knowledge about a specific style, please study with a qualified practitioner of the style.

The practitioners whose photos appear in this glossary are introduced under the practitioners’ name. We have included many of the most outstanding Wushu practitioners and instructors today. With their photos, we hope you will gain a better understanding of the characteristics of the style they represent. Many of these practitioners are prominent figures in multiple Wushu styles. Due to a limitation of typesetting space, we were only able to include some photo demonstrations and a short biography (125 words) of the practitioners. If you would like to know more details and accomplishments about the practitioners, please contact them directly.

The authors have put a lot of effort into compiling the biographies and photographs of the many practitioners. It is their hope that their efforts will help promote not only these practitioners, but Wushu in general, and to help prospective students of Wushu find teachers that suit their particular needs. No payment was received from the practitioners included in this glossary. The authors believe and wish that these practitioners will continue to be pillars of Wushu and our society.

At the end of this glossary are two addendums listing many other practitioners not included in the main section of the glossary. Next to their names we have included the last known location of these practitioners. The authors hope that with these lists and the descriptions in the main section of the glossary you will have a good starting point for locating a practitioner in your area.

There are several different standards used in the romanization of Chinese characters to the Roman alphabet. They include pinyin, Wade-Giles, Yale, Gouyu, and Hong Kong. The romanization system used in this volume is the pinyin system. Pinyin is the official romanization system of the People’s Republic of China which was adopted in the 1950’s. It is now widely adopted and accepted in China and abroad. The pinyin system of romanization is generally spelled more phonetically than other romanization systems.

China is a vast country with over fifty ethnic groups. Each ethnic group has their unique dialect of Chinese. Even though the dialects may differ from one region of China to the next, the written language is the same. In the pinyin romanization of the Chinese characters, we have used the official dialect, Mandarin — putonghua or guoyu.

If there is any confusion regarding the romanization of the Chinese characters using other systems, look up the term in this glossary. We have cross referenced many terms with other romanizations. For individuals that can read Chinese characters, we have included most of the Chinese characters in this glossary. The characters are placed next to the translated term or the pinyin, in alphabetical order.

Unlike the common English way of writing or addressing people by their first name, Chinese surnames are placed ahead of the given name. This sometimes causes confusion to readers. Many people are unable to tell which is the first name and which is the surname. Most Chinese names are three syllables long, one for the surname and two for the first name. There are, of course, exceptions. The given name (first name) is often romanized with a hyphen (-) with each of the syllables in the given name capitalized or is lumped together in a romanized form with only the first letter capitalized. Chinese names all have a significant meaning to the individual, each syllable in the name can be a word. The combination of syllables can add to the meaning of an individual word, or can have a totally different meaning if written separately or in a different context. In this glossary, all names are listed in alphabetical order with the last name first.

A

Alamudeen, Saleem He began his Wushu training in the early 1970’s. He is a prominent practitioner of Hongjiaquan in the U.S. He is also a practitioner of Taijiquan, Baguazhang, Xingyiquan, and Qigong. He currently teaches at the Lam Tang Kung Fu Academay and the Circle Center Tai Chi School See his photo demonstration under Hongjiaquan.

Anhui Province A Chinese province located on the eastern part of China. The Yangtze River runs right through this province. It borders Jiangsu Province to its east and covers over 139 thousand square kilometers with a population of over 61 million people as of 1999.

Arsenalt, Al One of the founding members of the International Wushu Sanshou Dao Association (IWSD); and a martial arts instructor and a police officer for the Vancouver Police. He is currently the President of the IWSD. He is well-known for his ground control techniques, Karate, Judo, Jujitsu, Taijiquan, Shuaijiao, Qinna, and Qigong abilities. He received a gold medal for his performance in the 1994 Shanghai International Wushu Festival. He is a sixth level black belt in Wushu Sanshou Dao. See his photo demonstration under Wushu Sanshou Dao.

Ax see Fu

B

Ba A rake (Drawing B-1). It evolved from a farming tool into an ancient military and Wushu weapon.

Baguazhang An Internal Style Wushu also romanized as Pa Kua Chang, and translated as Eight Trigram Palm. This style originated from the Emei Mountains. One of the major branches of Baguazhang came from Dong Haichuan (1813-1882), a Qing Dynasty’s royal bodyguard from Heibei Province who traveled to the Emei Mountains and learned Baguazhang. He received his inspiration from Daoist teachings and derived the Baguazhang Style. Dong’s students had already studied other martial arts before learning from him. Therefore, Baguazhang has developed many different characteristics since Dong himself.

There are other sources of Baguazhang other than from Dong Haichuan. Some believe that the Priest Gao Xian of the Hebei Province also learned it in the Emei Mountains. His Baguazhang was known as the Hard Eight Palm . Also, in Hebei Province, Wang Zhaoxian and Tian Hui from Beijing both practiced variations of Baguazhang from the Emei Mountains. Their Baguazhang is over 300 years old, and is not directly related to Dong Haichuan. However, the most influential development of Baguazhang is from the Dong Haichuan lineage.

The theoretic foundation of Baguazhang is based on the Yijing (, Book of Changes). Bagua or the eight trigrams are the basic elements of the Yijing. This style integrates circular stepping and energy circulation with martial arts movements. The movements are always changing, spinning and turning, while rapidly moving in curvilinear patterns. Its movements are described as, "Walk like a dragon, retrieve and spin like an ape, change momentum like an eagle, and calm and steady like a still tiger". In its applications, Baguazhang uses motion against an opponent’s stillness, and stresses the use of rapid stepping and turning movements to evade an opponent’s frontal attacks. One of the most predominant characteristics of Baguazhang is the use of palms (zhang) for its applications, thus the style is named Baguazhang.

Figure B-1: Bagua Zhuanzhang /Zhao Ziqiu

Figure B-2: Bagua Sanshou Saber/Wang Shutian

Figure B-3: Baguazhang Application/Liang Shou-Yu and Wu Wen-Ching

Figure B-4: Baguazhang Application/Jerry Alan Johnson

Figure B-5: Swimming Body Baguazhang /Helen Liang

Figure B-6: Jiulong Baguazhang/John Painter

Figure B-7: Bagua Low Stance Training/Sam Masich

Figure B-8: Bagua Deer Hooks/Wu Wen-Ching

Figure B-9: Bagua Saber/Yang Fukui

Figure B-10: Baguazhang/Robert Ross

Figure B-11: Baguazhang/Zhang Li

Figure B-12: Baguazhang/Zhang Hong Mei

Figure B-13: Bagua Saber/Thomas Uva, Robert Ross, Denise Breiter-Wu, Jeffrey Lykins, Howard Means, Ryan May, Frank Whitsitt-Lynch

Baihequan Translated as White Crane Style. This is a Southern Style. The characteristics of the White Crane style include light and agile movements; short, but ever changing, hand movements; and a whiplike manifestation of power from the waist. The origin of Baihequan is believed to have been passed down from Fang Huishi who learned his martial arts from the Southern Shaolin Temple and later taught it to his daughter, Fang Qiniang . The time period was between 1662 and 1735.

Legend has it, that Fang Qiniang was on her way home from washing clothes one day and observed a great white crane on the roof of her home. Driven by curiosity and apprehension that the crane would damage the clothes she hung out to dry, she took a stick and attempted to scare the crane away. When she tried to hit the head of the crane, the crane moved its head and extended its wings to defend against the strike. When she tried to hit the wings of the crane, the crane agilely jumped away and used its claws to deflect the stick. When she tried to spear to the crane’s body, the crane shook its wings, while retreating and striking forward with its beak.

Fang Qiniang was amazed and impressed with the crane’s ability and studied the crane movements. From then on, the crane rested on the roof of her home everyday, and she attacked the crane to study its movements. She then combined her Southern Shaolin martial arts training with the crane movements and created Baihequan.

Also see Fujian Hequan and Wuzuquan.

Figure B-14: Baihequan/Jeff Bolt

Figure B-15: Fujian Hequan/Augustine Ngu

Baimeiquan Translated as White Eyebrow Style. This is an Emei Style. Legend has it, that it was created by a Taoist priest named Baimei. The known routines include: Xiaoshizi , Dashizi , Sanmenbagua , Shibamoqiao , and Menghuchulin . This style is popular in Guandong Province, Hong Kong, and many Southeastern Asian nations.

Figure B-16: Baimeiquan/Ken Low

Bajiquan Translated as the Eight Extreme Fist. It is commonly believed that Bajiquan was known as Baziquan as recorded in the Ming Dynasty Wushu classic, the New Book of Effective Disciplines (). The modern version of Bajiquan is believed to have been passed down from Wu Zhong (1712-1802). According to legend, Wu Zhong learned his Bajiquan from a wandering Daoist. Its characteristics include explosive power, stomping the foot, and utilizes close range movements in its applications.

Figure B-17: Old Bajiquan/Adam Hsu (photo by Marie Anthony)

Figure B-18: Big Frame Bajiquan/Michael Li

Figure B-19: Bajiquan/Tony Chen

Barbosa, Fred He began his Wushu training from Wu Wen-Ching in 1999. He is a Way of the Dragon School assistant instructor, and a Systems Engineer for Fleet Bank Boston. See his photo demonstration under Wushu Bingqi.

Batuo The first Abbot of the Shaolin Temple. Legend has it, that Emperor Xiaowen built the Shaolin Temple for Batuo to teach Buddhism in 495 A.D. He was there for over thirty years before Damo.

Beijing City The capital of China and one of China’s four municipalities that is under the direct jurisdiction of the central government. It is a political, economic, transportation, science, and cultural center. Bejing is located in the Northeastern part of China, about 150 kilometers from the Bohai Sea. It covers over 16 thousand square kilometers, with a population of over 12 million people as of 1999.

Beipai Beipai is used as opposed to Nanquan. This term refers to Wushu styles originating in the areas above the Yangtze River in China.

Benglong Wushu This term refers to the Wushu developed by the Benglong ethnic people living in the Yunnan Province. The Benglong people are known for their bravery and love of Wushu. Their Wushu is known as Zuoquan , meaning Left Fist. When engaged in combat or competition, their winning blow often comes from their left fist, thereby, the term Zuoquan. Benglong Wushu has high stances. They have a weapon routine known as Benglongdao .

Bian A whip. It can be one piece or chain linked. This term refers to weapons with whip-like characteristics. Chain linked bian include the Seven, Nine (Drawing B-2), or Thirteen Sectioned Chain. A one piece bian is a hard whip. Zhujieganbian (, Drawing B-3) is a hard whip with the body carved into bamboo-like sections with sharp protrusions.

Figure B-20: Nine Sectioned Chain/Hansen Lee

Figure B-21: Nine Sectioned Chain/Hui Mo

Figure B-22: Double Chain/Joel Timons

Figure B-23: Saber and Chain/Sam Li

Biangan see Gun

Bishil, Hassan (1968-) Born in the city of Makkah, Saudi Arabia. In 1987, Mr. Bishil started Wushu training in his home country. Three years later, he began traveling around the world seeking out Wushu and Qigong teachers. He has studied on a one-to-one basis with several prominent Wushu and Qigong teachers in China, Hong Kong, and North America. Since 1992 he has been teaching and holding workshops in Saudi Arabia and the U.S. He is a member of the International Wushu Sanshou Dao Association. See his photo demonstration under Tanglangquan.

Bishou Refers to a double edged dagger (Drawing B-4). It is also referred to as duanjian or short sword. It is classified as a small weapon, used for close range applications. Bishou is used singularly or in a pair.

Bodhidharma see Damo

Bolt, Jeff One of most significant contributors to the promotion of Wushu in the United States. He was one of the first to organize national Wushu competitions in the United States. He has been the director of U.S. National Chinese Martial Arts tournaments since 1986. He was instrumental in forming a national Wushu federation and has served as an administrator for several organizations. He was the Vice President of U.S.A.W.K.F. and was the Sanshou coach of the U.S. National Wushu Team. He currently teaches in Texas, USA. See his photo demonstrations under Changquan and Baihequan.

Boziquan Cripple Style. This style was created by a Chan Buddhist priest, Jinyun . It imitates the characteristics of a handicapped or injured person in its movements. There is only one known routine with over 80 movements.

Breiter-Wu, Denise She is the editor of this book and many others. She is a former elementary school teacher and movement therapist. She is the cofounder, and now works as the director, an instructor, and an editor at The Way of the Dragon School and Publication Company. She has been practicing Wushu, Taijiquan, and Qigong for over 20 years. She is the wife of Wu Wen-Ching and the mother of Andrew Wu. See her photo demonstrations under Baguazhang, Chaquan, and Wangshi Wushu.

Bujas, Tony Also known as Ante Bujas. He is a Third Level Black Belt in Wushu Sanshou Dao. He is also an instructor of Xingyiquan, Baguazhang, and Sanshou at the S.Y.L. Wushu Institute. He studied Hongjiaquan for ten years, and has been studying Internal Style Wushu and qigong from Shou-Yu Liang for more than ten years. See his photo demonstrations under Huheshunxingquan, Guai, and Wushu Sanshou Dao.

C

Cailifoquan One of the Southern Styles of Guangdong Province. This style was created by Chen Heng . Chen first learned Fojiaquan from his father. Later, he also studied Liquan from Li Youshan and Caiquan from Cai Fu . Chen combined the essence of the three styles and created Cailifoquan. This style is popular in Guangdong, Foshan , Hong Kong, Europe, and America. There are numerous routines in this style. Its movements are described as "Still like static water when on guard, and attack like a hungry leopard catching its prey."

Figure C-1: Hongsheng Cailifoquan /Wong Tat-Mau

Figure C-2: Cailifoquan/Mak Hin Fai

Figure C-3: Xiongsheng Cailifoquan /Sam Ng

Figure C-4: Liuyedao /Hilbert T.S. Yiu

Figure C-5: Panlonggun /Hilbert T.S. Yiu

Caiquan Translated as Cai Family Fist. This style was created by Cai Boda and Cai Jiuyi . They were monks from Fujian Shaolin Temple. Later, it was spread to Guangdong Province by the monk Cai Fu . It is one of the major Southern Styles in Guangdong today. Some of the known routines include: Shiziquan , Dayuntian , Xiaoyuntian , Tianbianyan , Lusuimei , and Liangyisixiangquan .

Canbimen Translated as Silk Reeling Style. This style originated from Huang Yichuan of Jiangxi Province. Canbimen focuses on coiling and neutralizing. Its movements are continuous like the reeling of silk, thus the term Can, meaning silk or silk worm. There are over seventy known barehanded routines, thirteen weapon routines, and thirteen Sanshou training methods.

Figure C-6: Inviting Hand/Zhao Ziqiu

Cangzhou Wushu This term refers to the Wushu styles known in the Canzhou area. Cangzhou is located in Hebei Province. Historically, Cangzhou was poor. To make matters worse, the government officials were corrupt and took advantage of the people. To defend themselves, the Cangzhou people had to train Wushu.

There were many other factors which made Cangzhou a gathering place for Wushu practitioners. Many Wushu practitioners were exiled to Cangzhou. Some were sent there as prisoners and some were there to hide from government persecution. Because of the many talented Wushu practitioners in Cangzhou, ancient armed guards would humble themselves when passing through Cangzhou, so as not to anger them.

There have been many Wushu styles which have originated from Cangzhou. In the recent past, many patriots from Cangzhou successfully defeated many foreign challengers. These prominent Wushu practitioners include Wang Ziping , Li Guanming , Ding Faxiang , and Zhang Zhankui . They all left behind many exciting stories.

Carroll, Sam He began his martial arts training in 1982, and has been studying Wushu from Wu Wen-Ching since 1993. He is an instructor at The Way of the Dragon School and is currently pursuing a graduate degree in Ocean Engineering. See his photo demonstration under Shaolin Wushu.

Case, Ron He is a First Degree Black Belt in Nisei Karate and a Wushu practicitioner. He is the leader of the S.Y.L. Wushu Institute Hard Qigong Performance team. See his photo demonstration under Wushu Sanshou Dao.

Central Guoshu Institute The national martial arts organization founded in Nanjing in 1928 by Zhang Zhijiang . It was responsible for organizing national competitions, training Wushu instructors, testing, and promoting Wushu. It was later relocated in Sichuan and closed in 1949. Many graduates of the Central Guoshu Institute are currently leading Wushu professors, coaches, and Wushu leaders in China. Also see Guoshu.

Cha A fork like weapon. There are many types of cha. Cha were used for hunting and fishing, and gradually evolved to become Wushu weapons. Long cha usually consist of three prongs with a pole extension (Drawing C-1). Short cha are also referred to as Nancha (, Drawings C-2 and C-3). Nancha are typically used in pairs and practiced mostly in Southern Styles.

Figure C-7: Southern Cha/Ayron Howey

Figure C-8: Cailifo Cha/Hilbert T.S. Yiu

Chain see Bian

Chan A Buddhist practice following the Sutrayana practices of the Mahayana Vehicle. It is also romanized as Zen from the Japanese pronunciation. The original word came from the Sanskrit word, "dhyana".

Chan A shovel. It evolved from a farming tool into a weapon. Ancient monks living outside of the temples often used this weapon. It was used to carry heavy weight, make paths when traveling in the mountains, and as a self-defense weapon. Well-known chans include: Fangbianchan (, Drawing C-4) and Yueyachan (, Drawing C-5).

Figure C-9: Yueyachan/Wang Ziping

Chan, Paul He began his Wushu training in 1942. He is the disciple of Chen Dou , a prominent practitioner of Daopai. He is also well-known for his Hongjiaquan and Cailifoquan. He is the first president of the Confederation of Canadian Wushu Organizations and the president of the Canadian National Chinese Martial Arts Federation. See his photo demonstration under Daopai.

Chang, Chung-Jen He is a prominent practitioner of Taijiquan. He was a consultant for the highly acclaimed movie, Pushing Hands. He has produced several instructional Taiji videos and hosted a Taijiquan cable TV program. He was a grandchampion at a national Taiji tournament and has judged competitions in various localities. He is especially well-known for his remarkable fluidity and flexibility. During his 20 plus years of teaching, he has developed his own successful system of increasing the flexibility of the body. His wide range of studies include: Taiji Daoyin, Chen Style Taijiquan, Yang Style Taijiquan, Taiji Sword, and Push Hands. He currently teaches in Maryland, USA, and gives workshops throughout North America. See his photo demonstration under Taijiquan.

Changjiang see Yangtze River

Changquan Long Fist. This is a term referring to the many Northern Style Wushu including: Chaquan, Huaquan, Paoquan, Hongquan, Liuhequan, Yanqingquan, etc. Changquan movements are usually long, open, and extended. It includes many fast and agile maneuvers, as well as, high jumps and aerial kicks.

Modern competition Changquan routines have absorbed the characteristics of Chaquan, Hongquan, Huaquan, Paoquan, Hongquan, in its routines. Changquan is suited for youngsters learning Wushu because it sets a solid foundation for studying other styles of Wushu. In Modern Wushu competitions, Changquan routines must include a proper fist, palm, and hand hook; and the five basic stances, gongbu , mabu , pubu , xubu , and xiebu . The routines must also contain a definite amount of punching, palm striking, elbow striking, spring kicking, high sweep kicking, low sweep kicking, and slap kicking techniques. They must also contain a definite amount of balancing, jumping, and tumbling techniques.

Figure C-10: Lift Knee and Flash Palms/Liang Shou-Yu

Figure C-11: Changquan Closing Posture/Zou Yinghui

Figure C-12: Block Up in Empty Stance/Liang Shou-Yu

Figure C-13: Changquan/Liu Yu

Figure C-14: Changquan/Liu Yu

Figure C-15: Gongliquan /Jeff Bolt

Figure C-16: Changquan/Sanford Lee

Figure C-17: Changquan/Katrina Leung

Figures C-18 and C-20: Wushu Basics/Derek Cheng, Fremont Woo, Tjhie Wei Tjong, William Lai, Michael Holmes, Mo Hui, Yang Chen-Han, Perry Lo, and Fred Ho

Figure C-19: Changquan/Tadeusz Gacki

Figure C-21: Changquan/Henry Gong

Figure C-22: Jumping Side Kick/ Yang Chen-Han and William Lai

Figure C-23: Changquan/Ivan Wong

Chaquan A major Wushu style. Its training content is both systematic and complete. Chaquan, Huaquan, Hongquan, Paoquan, and Tantuimen are from the same origin. It has traditionally been very popular among the Hui ethnic Chinese. The Hui people are predominately of the Muslin faith giving the Chaquan style a very close tie to the Chinese Muslin community. It is not surprising that the practitioners of Chaquan in the past have mostly been the Hui ethnic Chinese. In 1928, when the Central Guoshu Institute was founded, Chaquan became one of the primary required studies at the institute. The teachers were all Hui ethnic Chinese.

There are many legends concerning the origin of Chaquan. There are inconsistent records indicating the origination period of Chaquan. There are records that indicate it originated during the Tang Dynasty, Ming Dynasty, and the Qing Dynasty. Despite the inconsistency in the date of origin, these records all consistently indicate that this style was founded by a practitioner with the last name Cha. Cha began teaching his martial arts in the Shandong area. Later, the martial arts that Cha taught, spread all over China and became known as Chaquan. The exact origin still needs to be verified with more research.

One legend has it, that during the Tang Dynasty (618-907), General Cha Gelu led five thousand Hui soldiers to stop the largest revolt during the Tang Dynasty. The revolt was known as Anshizhiluan . General Cha was successful in stopping the revolt, but he was also injured during the engagement. Cha recuperated in Guanxian County of Shandong Province. While he was there, he taught his Wushu to the Hui ethnic Chinese. To remember and honor him, practitioners named their Wushu, Chaquan.

Another legend has it, that Cha Mier created Chaquan in the beginning of the Ming Dynasty. Yet, another legend, believes it was created by Cha Shangyi , an Hui ethnic Chinese from the northeastern part of China.

There are ten bare-handed Chaquan routines. Each routine is made up of 30 to 60 techniques. Each application can be practiced individually or with a partner. The movements start from the very basic to the more advanced, containing lively and intricate maneuvers. Each routine has its training key words and phrases that go with the techniques to assist the practitioner in memorizing and understanding the applications. Each routine, also has its particular emphasis and focus. The ten routines are: Yilu Muzi , Erlu Xingshou , Sanlu Feijiao , Silu Shengping , Wulu Guandong , Liulu Maifu , Qilu Meihua , Balu Lianhuan , Jiaolu Longbaiwei , and Shilu Chuanquan .

Chaquan is a major representation of Changquan styles. Modern Changquan routines are all based on Chaquan and Huaquan foundations. Well-known representatives of Chaquan in the recent past include: Wang Ziping and Zhang Yingzheng .

Figure C-24: Suohouqiang /Wang Jurong

Figure C-25: Wulu Chaquan/ Wang Jurong

Figure C-26: Balu Chaquan / Wu Wen-Ching

Figure C-27: Wulu Chaquan /Grace Wu

Figure C-28: Silu Chaquan/Wang Jurong

Figure C-29: Simendao /Wu Wen-Ching

Figure C-30: Chaquan/Denise Breiter-Wu

Figure C-31: Chaquan/Betty Lew-Watson

Chau, William President of the Chinese Wushu Association ( ) in Ontario, Canada and a lifetime member of the Hong Kong Chinese Medicine Association . He is a prominent practitioner in Tantuimen, Piguaquan, Fanzi Yingzhuamen, Cailifoquan, Mizongquan, Dachengquan, and traumatology. See his photo demonstration under Dachengquan.

Chen, Bill He is a prominent Wushu practitioner in Texas. He was a Wushu instructor at the University of Washington. He was a judge at many U.S. National Wushu competitions. He is one of Liang Shou-Yu's students. In the early 1980's, he was responsible for inviting Liang Shou-Yu to teach Wushu at the University of Washington. See his photo demonstration under Liuhemen.

Chen, Irene A member of the Canadian Wushu team. She was a gold medalist many times in U.S. and Canadian international Wushu competitions in the compulsory Nanquan and other categories. She is a S.Y.L. Wushu Institute instructor and is included in the book, the China’s Contemporary Wushu Masters ( ). See her photo demonstration under Dao.

Chen, Jian Also known as Chen Dingfu and nicknamed Luyadaoren . He is the 23rd generation head instructor of the O-Mei Qigong and Sword School . In his youth, he was a member of the Sichuan Wushu team winning numerous gold medals. He was a Wushu instructor at Chengdu Physical Education College and a head instructor at Chengdu City Police Academy. He is also a prominent practitioner of traumatology. Currently, he teaches and does his healing practice in San Francisco, California, U.S.A. See his photo demonstrations under Emei Shierzhuang and Emei Wushu.

Chen, Tony Also known as Chen Zhaohui. He learned Wushu from his father, Chen Jian, since age six. He has been a gold medalist in numerous national championships in China, and received his Wuyin title in 1991. He was the U.S.A. Kickboxing Champion and International Kung Fu Champion in 1997. He is the founder of the O-Mei Kung Fu Academy in San Francisco, California, USA. He is also the Chairman of the California Affiliate of the International Wushu Sanshou Dao Association. He is a Sixth Level Black Belt in Sanshou Dao. In 2000, he appeared on the cover of Kung Fu Qigong Magazine. He has demonstrated in several instructional videos. The instructors at his school include many prominent Wushu practitioners. See his photo demonstrations under Bajiquan and Tanglangquan.

Chen, Xiaowang (1946-) A prominent representative of the 19th generation Chen Style Taijiquan. He has been a Taijiquan gold medalist and a recipient of Outstanding Performance awards many times in China national Wushu championships. He has written two books on Chen Style Taijiquan. He currently teaches in Australia and gives workshops around the world. See his photo demonstration under Taijiquan.

Cheng, Aiping A former member and later became a coach of the Zhejiang Wushu team. She attained gold medals in both double sword and Sun Style Taijiquan, and a silver medal in Yang Style Taijiquan in a National Wushu competition in China. She is the demonstrator in the official Sun Style instructional video produced by the China Sports Committee. In the 1970's, she was a member of the Wushu Delegation to the United States and performed at the White House. Since her immigration to the U.S., she has been active as a judge in U.S. national and international Wushu competitions. She currently teaches in Connecticut, U.S.A. See her photo demonstrations under Taijiquan and Mulanquan.

Cheng, Derek A S.Y.L. Wushu Institute instructor. He is a Canadian national Sanshou competition silver medalist in the 75-80 kilogram category. He is also included in the book, China’s Contemporary Wushu Masters . He is a Third Level Black Belt in Wushu Sanshou Dao. In 2001, he was the gold medalist in the 70 to 75 Kg Canadian National Sanshou competition in 1999. He was selected to represent Canada at the 6th World Wushu Championships. In 2001, he was also certified by the International Wushu Federation as an International Sanshou Fighting Judge. He is a member of the Board of Directors of Wushu B.C. See his photo demonstrations under Yingzhuaquan, Huanglinpai, Emei Shaolin, Gun, and Wushu Sanshou Dao.

Cheng, Kexin A prominent Yijing and Bagua prediction practitioner. A Sichuan native, also known for his Qigong and Sanshou ability. He is the founder and chairman of the China Kexingzhang Association , an International Wushu Sanshou Dao Association affiliate. In his youth, he studied Wushu and Sanshou from Liang Shou-Yu. He was also selected as one of the top ten Qigong practitioners in China, in Who’s Who in the World , and China’s Contemporary Wushu Masters . He has written several books about Bagua, Qigong, and healing. His students have received gold medals for their Qigong and Sanshou abilities. He gives workshops all over China and has been well received by both Chinese and foreign students. Many magazines and newspapers have dedicated articles about him. See his photo demonstration under Kexingzhang.

Cheng, Shaoming (1969-)He started his Wushu training when he was six. He has won first place in several martial arts tournaments both in China and in the U.S.; subsequently he has been invited to be a judge at numerous martial arts tournaments. He was a student of Sha Guozheng (, 1904-1993), a prominent practitioner of Baguazhang, Xingyiquan, Taijiquan, and Tongbiquan. He currently teaches Taijiquan, Xingyiquan, and Baguazhang in Athens, Georgia; and is the chief coach of the U.G.A. martial arts team. He is also pursuing his Ph.D. degree at the University of Georgia. See his photo demonstration under Xingyiquan.

Cheung, Kerry He began his Hongjiaquan training when he was five with his father, Raymond Cheung. He is now an instructor of Hongjiaquan and a practitioner of Lion Dancing. Through the introduction of his father, he has also been training at the S.Y.L. Wushu Institute since 2000. He has competed in many West Coast North American Wushu competitions and attained many gold medals and all-around championships. See his photo demonstration under Hongjiaquan.

Cheung, Purdy She began her Hongjiaquan training at age five with her father Raymond Cheung. She is now an instructor of Hongjiaquan and the drummer for the Lion Dancing team. Through the introduction of her father, she has also been training at the S.Y.L. Wushu Institute since 2000. She has competed in many Wushu competitions and attained many gold medals. See her photo demonstration under Hongjiaquan.

Cheung, Raymond A prominent practitioner of Shaolin Hongjiaquan. He was the Vice President of the West Coast Martial Arts Association, Vice President of Wushu B.C., and the Vice President of the Confederation of Canadian Wushu Organizations. He was instrumental in the organization of several west coast international Wushu championships and the Canadian Wushu team selections. See his photo demonstration under Nanquan.

Chi Kung see Qigong

Chiang, Che Cheng A native of Taiwan, he started his Wushu training when he was a child. He is a prominent practitioner of TCM traumatology and a prominent promoter of Wushu. He was the director and head coach of the Taipei City Guoshu. He attained over twenty gold medals in all Taiwan and international Sanshou competitions. In 1968, he was invited to Japan and Korea to teach Wushu. He was awarded a ninth degree black belt. He has a Master's and a Ph.D. degree in Oriental Medicine, and received a professor certificate from the state of California. He is currently the President of the U.S.A. Chinese Kung Fu Association, President of the International Wushu Federation, and president and chairman of many other organizations. He has organized eight World Cup International Wushu Championships. See his photo demonstration under Dao.

Chin, Chris A member of the Canadian Wushu team. He has been a gold and silver medalists many times in U.S. and Canadian national Wushu competitions. He studied at the S.Y.L. Wushu Institute from 1992 to 1997. Later, he also trained under Li Wenqi, Bruce Fontaine, and Fred Whitting. See his photo demonstration under Xiandai Wushu.

Chin, Douglas A member of the Canadian Wushu team. He has been a U.S. and Canadian national gold medalist and all-around champion many times in international competition routines. In the 1995 World Wushu Championships held in the U.S. he attained a silver medal in the compulsory saber category, and in the 1999 World Wushu Championships held in Hong Kong, he attained fourth place in the compulsory spear category. He studied at the S.Y.L. Wushu Institute from 1992 to 1997. Later, he also trained under Li Wenqi, Bruce Fountaine, and Fred Whitting. See his photo demonstration under Xiandai Wushu.

Chongqing City One of China’s four municipalities that is under the direct jurisdiction of the central government. Chongqing is located next to the Yangtze River within Sichuan Province. It is the newest of the four Chinese cities that are under the direct jurisdiction of the central government. It has a population of over 30 million people as of 1999.

Choy Lay Fut see Cailifoquan

Chuanquan Translated as Boat Fist. In the Wuxing area of Zhejiang Province, people often tie two boats together and set up a platform for a fighting competition. Chuanquan was the result of these competitions. There are many barehanded and weapon routines in this style.

Chui A hammer like weapon (Drawing C-6). The hammer head can be shaped like a cube, sphere, or melon. It can have long handles or short handles. Long handled chui are usually used as one weapon, where as short handled chui are often used in a pair. Traditional chui were made of bronze or iron. They can weigh up to 20 Kg each.

Figure C-32: Tiangangchui / Wu Wen-Ching

Chung, Andrew He began his martial arts training in 1969. His teachers include: Chang Yuan-Wei, Huang Wei-Lun, Lee Kwong Ming. His foundation training comprised of the Hakka Tanglangquan (Southern Praying Mantis), Baimeiquan, and Yongchunquan. He later studied the Internal Styles of Taijiquan, Baguazhang, Xingyiquan, and Liuhebafa. In the 1980's he was the gold medalist in numerous competitions in the United States. For the past decade, he has served as a judge and an advisor for numerous national competitions in the U.S. He is also an active promoter of martial arts competitions within the state of Florida where he resides and has been teaching since 1979. See his photo demonstration under Nanquan.

Chuojiao Translated as Piercing Feet. This is a style that focuses primarily on the applications of the feet. It is classified as Changquan. Legend has it, that Wu Song , a hero of the Song Dynasty (960-1126) used Chuojiao to defeat his adversary. Wu Song was also known for his heroic feat in killing a man-eating tiger with his bare hands. "Wu Song Strikes the Tiger " is a very well-known story in Chinese folklore. Wu Song is credited as the founder of this style.

Figure C-33: Chuojiao/Michael Li

Cohen, Kenneth S. The Executive Director and founder of the Qigong Research and Practice Center. He is a world renowned health educator, China scholar, and Qigong practitioner with more than thirty years experience. He is the author of the internationally acclaimed book, The Way of Qigong. He currently teaches Qigong, Taijiquan, Baguazhang, and Xingyiquan in Nederland, Colorado, U.S.A. More about him and his school can be found at www.qigonghealing.com. See his photo demonstrations under Wudang Wushu and Xingyiquan.

Comet Hammer see Liuxingchui

Cane see Guai

Concealed Weapons see Wushu Anqi

Contemporary Wushu see Xiandai Wushu

Cotton Fist see Mianquan

Cotton Palm see Mianzhang

D

Dabeiquan Legend has it, that it originated during the Ming Dynasty. It was a style practiced by the monks at the Henan Shaolin Temple and at Wutaishan . Dabeiquan is based on the teachings of the Buddhist Dabeizhou . In the 1960’s, a high priest, Qiyun Fashi , taught this style in Beijing.

Practitioners of Dabeiquan are required to recite a phrase from the sutra along with each posture. Its characteristics include that of Taijiquan, Xingyiquan, and Baguazhang. There are two routines in this style. They are Bashiliushi and Yibaiershiliushi .

Information provided by Yuan Shaoliang.

Figures D-1 and D-2: Dabeiquan/Yuan Shaoliang

Dachengquan Also known as Yiquan and translated as the Great Accomplishment Fist. It was created by Wang Xiang-zhai (, 1885-1963). Wang learned Xingyiquan from Guo Yunshen . Later, Wang focused on the yi component, discarded the xing component of Xingyiquan, and focused on standing postures to develop internal strength, and created Yiquan. Wang traveled extensively all over China and exchanged techniques with Wushu practitioners throughout China. Because Wang was also good in Taijiquan, Baguazhang, and Shaolin Wushu, and had a high level of attainments, people later referred to his creation of Yiquan, as Dachengquan, meaning the great achievement style. This was because he was able to integrate the essence of different Wushu styles into Yiquan.

Figure D-3: Dachengquan/Zhang Shu-Fang

Figure D-4: Dachengquan/William Chau

Dagger see Bishou

Damo (?-536) Damo or Bodhidharma was the 28th generation successor of Chan Buddhism from Southern India. He came to China in the 520’s. According to legend, he traveled from Guangdong, then to Henan Shaolin Temple. He is regarded as the father of Chan Buddhism in China. For lack of a better choice and lack of definite information, and also to honor him, many Shaolin Wushu and Qigong methods were credited to him.

Dang It is a long weapon with a spear head and a moon shaped piece below the spear. Around the moon shaped piece are sharp ring blades (Drawing D-1). Dang are usually over 8 feet long and may weigh up to 200 pounds.

Dao It is to a curved and bladed weapon with a short or long handle, such as a saber. Dao is known as baibingzhidan or the spirit of all weapons. Dao movements are described as a fierce tiger. Dao has many different types including: Dandao , Shuandao , Dadao , Guangong-dadao , Chunqiudada , Qinglongdadao , Jiuhuandadao , Pudao , Duandao , Yaodao , Miaodao , and Xiaoshuangshou . In the ancient military and Wushu, the commonly used dao were: Dandao, a single saber; Shuangdao, a double saber; Dadao; and Pudao.

Dadao (Drawing D-2) is known as the baibinzhishuai or the commander of all weapons. Pudao (Drawing D-3), also referred to as Shuangshoudai is shorter and lighter than the Dadao, but longer than a single saber. It was the choice weapon for many legendary generals in ancient China.

Figures D-5 and D-6: Qinglongdadao (100 plus pounds)/Liang Shou-Yu

Figure D-7: Pudao/Wu Wen-Ching

Figure D-8: Butterfly Knives/Sunny Tang

Figure D-9: Zhanhuadao /Maria Liang

Figure D-10: Dadao/Mike Sigman

Figure D-11: Dadao/He Tao

Figure D-12: Dadao vs. Saber/Chiang Che Cheng

Figure D-13: Double Sabers/Malee Khow

Figure D-14: Saber/Irene Chen

Figure D-15: Pudao/Zhang Peng

Figure D-16: Saber/Rafael De La Cruz

Daopai This style originated from Shaolin Wushu. It was taught by a monk named Ruilong . Many of the Shaolin Buddhist monks were counterrevolutionary against the Qing Dynasty. The Qing Emperor persecuted the Shaolin monks everywhere they went. To disguise himself and his teachings, monk Ruilong named his Wushu, Daopai, so as to mislead his persecutors.

The notable practitioners of this style include: Yu Yunlong , Yu Mei , and Chen Dou . The known routines include: Yingtouquan , Zhongweiquan , Sijinggangquan , Damoquan , Shiba Luohanquan , Dianluohanquan , Zhifawhenlu , and Rouqiao . Daopai also has many different weapon routines and sparring sets.

Figure D-17: Daopai Quangong /Paul Chen

Dashaozigun see Gun

Dashengmen see Houquan

Deer Hook see Yuanyangyue

De La Cruz, Rafael He began his martial arts training in 1969 and has continued his Wushu training with Wu Wen-Ching since 1999. He is a Way of the Dragon School assistant instructor; and he is the Vice President of the Latin American Operations for the GTECH Corp. See his photo demonstration under Wushu Bingqi.

Diaojiaquan Translated as Diao Family Fist. Legend has it, that it originated in Jiangxi Province and spread to Meixian and Xingning in Guangdong Province.

Dishuquanfa Translated as Ground Dog Style. It is also known as Digongquan and Gouquan . Known for kicking techniques executed after intentionally falling to the ground, and other ground fighting techniques. There are over ten known routines in this style.

Ditangquan Translated as Ground Style. This style was recorded in the Ming Dynasty Martial Classic of Jixiaoxinshu by Qi Jiguang . Qi indicated the existence of ground fighting methods of Qiandie Zhang . Other known ground fighting information includes the Internal Family Fist’s 72 Ground Fighting techniques . Ditangquan uses offensive ground fighting techniques to engage their opponents. Some known traditional barehanded routines include: Jiugunshibadie , and Jiudishibagun ; weapon routines include: Guntangdao and Gunlongqiang .

Figure D-18: Splits Breakfall/Dianne Naughton

Figure D-19: Ditangquan/Joel Timons

Du Cane, John (1949-) One of the prominent figures in the promotion of healing and martial arts in the United States. He was born in South Africa and was educated in England where he earned a Masters Degree in English Literature from Cambridge University. He began his Qigong and Taijiquan practice in 1975 with many prominent practitioners from China, England, and North America; including the practitioners: Chiu, Choi, Liang Shou-Yu, Wu Wen-Ching, Chen, Terry Dunn, Paul Dillon, and Ken Cohen. Since 1990, he has owned Dragon Door Publications, a mail order house and publisher for resources on Qigong, healing, fitness, and internal martial arts. He is the author of four instructional videos on Qigong and a form guide for animal Frolic Qigong. See his photo demonstration under Qigong.

Drunken Style see Zuiquan

Duanbang see Gun

Duanbin Boji Short weapon sparring. This is a fighting competition category in Wushu. In this competition, competitors must follow the specific rules and guidelines for the use of short weapons.

Figures D-20: Short Weapon Sparring/Zhang Shu-Fang and Zhao Li-Ying

Figure D-21 Short Weapon/Zhao Li-Ying

Dumen Translated as Du Family Style. In the 1600’s, Du Guanyin of Sichuan taught many students in Chengdu . Dumen uses the Zijiqishen philosophy from Yijing . The known routines of this style includes: Simenquan and Baiheizhuang . Its fighting training includes: Yinyangshou , Taijishou , Wuxingshou , and many types of weapon training.

Dunhuangquan A Wushu style based on the drawing, Dunhuang Bihua . Its movenents are graceful and firm, containing both defensive and offensive applications. The movements of the fist, palm, hook, claw, fingers, and the entire arm are closely associated with the energy channels in the body. Dunhuangquan is a physical exercise that is good for toning the body, weight loss, and illness prevention. It is also entertaining to watch and enjoyable to perform. The known routines include: Dunhuangquan and Dunhuang Rings .

Information provided by Zang Lijuan.

Figure D-22: Dunhuangquan/Zang Lijuan

Figure D-23: Dunhuang Rings/Zang Lijuan

E

Eagle Claw Style see Yingzhuaquan

Eight Trigram Palm see Baguazhang

Emei Piercer see Emeici

Emei Shaolin Translated as Shaolin Wushu of the Emei Mountains. It inherited its training from the Shaolin Temple. The Emei Shaolin routines are, however, no longer available in the Henan Shaolin Temple. This style contains both hard and intricate neutralizing techniques. It is a style with routines containing only practical Sanshou applications. The known routines include: Tiangan , Qixing , Heihu , Tianhe , Feilong , and Bafa .

Figure E-1: Heihuquan/Liang Shou-Yu

Figure E-2: Heihuquan/Wu Wen-Ching

Figure E-3: Huweitui /Andrew Wu

Figure E-4: Tianganquan/Derek Cheng

Emei Shierzhuang Translated as Emei Twelve Postures. Legend has it, that the Chan Buddhist priest, Baiyun , created this style in the Emei Mountains. He combined Taoist, Medical, and Buddhist philosophy with Qigong, and created this style during the Southern Song Dynasty (1127-1279). There are twelve steps in their training. Thereby, the name, Shierzhuang.

Figure E-5: Emei Shierzhuang/Chen Jian

Emei Wudang Neijiaquan Translated as Internal Style of Emei and Wudang. According to legend, a wandering Taoist from Emei named Wang Loadao went to the Wudang Mountains to study Neijiaquan which was created by Zhang Sanfeng . Wang further developed what he learned and it became known as Emei Wudang Neijiaquan. There are five known barehanded routines and one staff routine.

Emei Wushu This is a term referring to all the styles that originated from the Emei Mountains. Emei Wushu is one of the three major groups of Wushu styles in China. The others are Shaolin and Wudang Wushu. The Emei Mountains are considered one of the four major Buddhist mountains in China, as well as, one of the famous Daoist mountains. The Emei Mountains are located at the southwestern part of Sichuan Province. The peak of the Emei Mountains reaches an elevation of 3,099 meters above sea level, making it the highest peak in the Sichuan Valley. There are also numerous Buddhist temples in these mountains.

Emei Wushu includes the essence of both Shaolin and Wudang Wushu. As early as the Ming Dynasty, there had been written documentation of Emei Wushu. During the Qing Dynasty, more and more styles began to surface from the Emei Mountains. There are over 300 Emei Wushu styles with over one thousand barehanded and weapon routines. Many of the specific Emei styles are introduced under their own heading.

Figure E-6: Erzhichan /Haideng Fashi

Figure E-7: Emei Eagle Claw/Lu Xiaoling

Figure E-8: Libaishiyijian /Chen Jian

Figure E-9: Emei Jingangquan /He Tao

Figure E-10: Emei Shequan /Maria Liang

Figure E-11: Emei Kuaishuaiquan /He Tao

Figure E-12: Emei Spear/Lu Xiaoling

Figure E-13: Emei Sword/Lu Xiaoling

Figure E-14: Emei Double Swords/Li Rong

Figure E-15: Chuanlinjian/Li Rong

Emeici Translated as Emei Piercer. This was a weapon used in ancient water combat. It is a short piece of metal which is thick in the middle and tapered to sharp ends. It has a spinable ring in the middle for the fingers to fit through (Drawing E-1). Emeici are usually used in a pairs.

Figure E-16: Emeici/Kelly Maclean

Emeipai Quanshu Dantaolu Translated as Individual Wushu Routines of the Emei Mountains. There have been many well-known routines taught in the Emei Mountains. Many of these routines are practiced by practitioners of other styles and have been incorporated into other styles. They have lasted for a long time and have spread all over China.

These routines include: Shisantaibaoquan , which was taught in the palace of the Qing Dynasty and combined the essence of 72 different routines into one; and Liuchengquan , which was created over 200 years ago by a Emei Mountain monk by imitating the movements of white crane and the legendary green dragon. There are many others including: Jianzhuangquan , Emei Luohanquan , Jiji Sanshiliufa , Sanhuaquan , Emei Meihuaquan , Emei Zuibaxian , Xiaofuhu , Emei Neijiaquan , Songxi Sanshou , Emei Xiaohongquan , Jianzhuangquan , Emei Shazhou , Xiaojingan-quan , Emei Gongliquan , Emei Taiquan , Kongmen Ruanshou , Manjianghong , and Sipingdazhenquan .

F

Fangmen Translated as Fang Family Style. This is an Emei Style. Fang Shunyi created Fangmen by combining Shaolin with Xingyiquan and "Xiao " style. There are twelve known barehanded routines and five weapon routines.

Fanziquan Translated as Turning Body Fist. It was recorded as Bashanfan during the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) by General Qi Jiguang . Fanziquan is classified as Changquan. Its movements are described as "Two fists are fast like the falling rain drops, and fast like a snapping whip". Fanziquan routines are usually short and fast.

In the 1860’s, after a failed revolt against the Qing empire, Fanziquan and Chuojiao practitioner, Zhao Shanyi , retreated to Hebei Province and taught Fanziquan and Chuojiao there. It was then that Fanziquan also spread to Shenyang . Yu Boqiang was a well-known Fanziquan practitioner from Shenyang. In the 1930’s, it spread to Sichuan Province.

Some of the known traditional routines include: Chuibafan , Kaoshoufan , Caishoufan , Qinshoufan , Liushoufan , Yanqingfan , Yingzhuafan , Gunbangfan , Sanshoufan , and Jianzhongfan .

Figure F-1: Fanziquan/Guo Jianhua

Figure F-2: Fanziquan/Wu Wen-Ching

Figure F-3: Fanziquan/Hui Mo

Farrands, Barry He has been studying Wushu since 1995 with Wu Wen-Ching. He is an assistant instructor at The Way of the Dragon School. He is also a long distance runner and medal winner in many races. See his photo demonstration under Shaolin Wushu.

Fenghuolun see Quan

Finger, Steve He has been studying martial arts since 1971 and began his Wushu training in 1986 with many leading Wushu practitioners in the United States. He is a database applications developer. He is currently based in Connecticut, U.S.A. See his photo demonstration under Wushu Bingqi.

Fontaine, Bruce He is a prominent Wushu practitioner. He was a member of the Canadian Wushu team in 1986. He began his Wushu studies with Cailifoquan. In the middle of the 1980's, he began studying Wushu from Liang Shou-Yu. He received two Bronze medals in the Second World Wushu Invitational Championships. He is a member of the Board of Directors and Wushu Form Chairman of Wushu B.C. He has appeared in many Hong Kong action movies. He currently teaches in Canada. See his photo demonstration under Xiandai Wushu.

Fu An ax. Fu usually refers to a short handled ax (Drawing F-1). Long handled axes are referred to as yue (, Drawing F-2). Short axes are practiced singularly or in a pair. In ancient times, long axes were used by practitioners on horseback.

Fu, Zhongwen (1907-1997) One of the best disciples of Yang Chengfu , and one of the most prominent representatives of Yang Style Taijiquan. He was the founder of the Yongnian Taijiquan Club in 1944, a Shanghai City Taijiquan instructor from 1958-1971, and the Vice Chairman of the Shanghai Wushu Association in 1979. His whole life was dedicated to the teaching and promotion of Taijiquan. He has taught many outstanding Taijiquan students. He the author of an authoritative book, Yang Style Taiji Saber. See his photo demonstration under Taijiquan.

Fujian Hequan Translated as Fujian Crane Style. This is one of three major crane styles. Fujian Hequan includes four unique characteristics. They are the Zonghequan (, Ancestral Crane), Shihequan (, Ravaging Crane), Feihequan (, Flying Crane), and Minghequan (, Shrieking Crane). The more predominant characteristics of each are: the vibrating power of Zonghequan, the hooking and clawing movements of the Shihequan, the flapping arms of the Feihequan, and the loud shrill sound emitted along with the applications of the Minghequan.

Also see Baihequan and Wuzuquan.

Fujian Province A Chinese province located at the southeastern part of continental China which borders the Taiwan Strait to its southeast. It covers over 121 thousand square kilometers with a population of over 32 million people as of 1999.

Fujian Shaolin Temple see Shaolin Temple

Funk, Jon He was a Chairman of the Western Canada Chinese Martial Arts Association. He is a promoter of Tiger Balm International Karate-Kung Fu Championships, and has a monthly column in Black Belt Magazine titled "Legends of Kung Fu". He is an 8th generation practitioner of Tanglangquan. He is a member of the Board of Directors and the Traditional Wushu Form Chairman of Wushu B.C. He teaches Seven Star Preying Mantis Kung Fu in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. See his photo demonstration under Tanglangquan.

Fushi Wushu Fu Style Wushu. Towards the end of the 1920’s, five northern Wushu practitioners traveled south to Guangdong and other southern provinces to teach Wushu. They were known as the "Five tigers that went south of the Yangtze River ". One of them was Fu Zhensong . He was a native of Henan Province and studied under many prominent Wushu instructors. He was the head coach of Guangdong and Guangxi, and the head coach at the Nanjing Central Guoshu Institute. Yang Chengfu and Sun Lutang were his good friends and training partners. Fu Zhengsong absorbed the essence of the other styles and founded Fushi Wushu. Some of the well-known Fushi Wushu routines include: Fu Style Taijiquan, Taiji Shandianzhang , Bagua Longxing-zhang , Chongfengquan , Xianrenzhang , Liangyi-quan , Sixiangquan , Taiji Shandianchui , Bagua Xunfengdao , Zhanshenqiang , Wudang Feilongjian , Luanpijian , Bagua Qimengun , and many sparring routines.

Fu Zhensong had many prominent disciples including: Fu Yonghui, Sun Baukang, Lin Chaozhen, Liang Richu, Liang Qiangya , Cui Rongji , and Li Huangsheng. His son, Fu Yonghui continued his father’s legacy and by continuing Fushi Wushu in Guangdong Province for over 60 years. Today, there are many other well-known Fushi Wushu practitioners in the U.S., they include: Johnny Kwong Ming Lee , Mark Bow-Sim , Nick Gracenin, Jose Johnson, Joel Timons, etc.

Figure F-4: Fu Style Taijiquan Lightning Palm/Liang Qiangya

Figure F-5: Fu Style Bagua Dragon Palm/Liang Qiangya

Figure F-6: Fu Style Spear/Liang Qiangya

Figure F-7: Fu Style Bagau Staff/Liang Qiangya

Figure F-8: Lianyiquan/Nick Gracenin

Figure F-9: Fu Style Baguazhang/Jose Johnson

G

Gacki, Tadeusz (1954-) One of the most significant figures in the promotion of Wushu in Poland. He began his martial arts training in 1967. He was the Vice President of the first Polish Commission of Kung Fu/Wushu. He was the first person to organize Polish national Wushu competitions. In 1994, he assisted in the founding of the Polish-Chinese Association of Wushu (Nanbei) and was its first vice president. He has authored three Qigong books. Many of his students are Polish and U.S. national and international Wushu champions. See his photo demonstration under Changquan.

Gansu Province A Chinese province located upstream of the Yellow River which borders Inner Mogol to its northeast. It covers over 453 thousand square kilometers with a population of over 25 million people as of 1999.

Gao, Xian A graduate of Xian Sports Institute in Shanxi with a masters degree in sports science, specializing in martial arts. He was a China national Fanziquan and Tongbeiquan champion in 1982 and 1983. He has appeared in over thirty movies. He has over 20 years of teaching experience. Many of his students are now famous athletes and action stars. He currently teaches in New York, U.S.A. See his photo demonstration under Piquaquan.

Goh, Anthony One of the most significant organizers and contributors of Wushu in the United States. He is currently the President of the United States Wushu-Kung Fu Federation (U.S.A.W.K.F.), the President of the Pan American Wushu Federation (PAWF), and an organizer of the International Wushu-Kung Fu Festival and Championships. In 1995, he organized the Third World Wushu Championships in Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A. It was the first world Wushu championship in North America. He is a prominent practitioner of several Wushu styles and known for his Sanshou abilities. For more information about him and U.S.A.W.K.F. please visit www.usawkf.org. See his photo demonstration under Kejiaquan.

Goldberg, Herb He is a prominent Taijiquan practitioner in Atlanta, Georgia. He is an advisor of the U.S.A. Wushu Kung Fu Federation, a national judge of Taijiquan and Push Hands. He currently teaches in Atlanta, Georgia. See his photo demonstration under Taijiquan.

Gongfu 1. The pinyin romanization of Kung Fu. 2. An attainment gained through the input of time and effort into a particular discipline.

Gong, Henry He is a prominent Wushu instructor in the New York area. He has been teaching Wushu for over twenty-eight years. He has taught his unique concepts on Lower Spinal Rotation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the University of Delaware. His past and present affiliations include the Amateur Athletic Union and the National Association of Asian American Professions. He currently teaches in New York City. See his photo demonstration under Changquan.

Gou A hook sword. It is a narrow blade sword with a hook at the tip of the sword, a moon shaped blade next to the handle of the sword, and a sharp end (Drawing G-1). It is an ancient short weapon that can be practiced singularly or as a pair. There are many well-known gou routines including: Chagou , Xinggou , Shiersugou , Xuepiangou , and Juanjiangou .

Figure G-1: Double Hook Swords/Liu Yu

Gracenin, Nick He is a prominent all-around martial artist in the United States. He studied Fushi Wushu from Mark Bow-Sim. He has also studied many other Wushu styles and routines, especially the International Wushu competition routines. He has taught many outstanding students, and is a significant contributor to the development of Wushu in the U.S.A. Prior to studying Wushu, he had already attained a fifth level black belt in Karate. He was the third place all-around champion at the Second World Wushu Invitational Tournament. He was also an executive member of the International Wushu Federation. See his photo demonstration under Fushi Wushu.

Great Accomplishment Fist see Dachengquan

Ground Style see Ditangquan

Gu, Daijuan Also known as, Jennifer Gu. She graduated from the Guangzhou Athletic University in 1987. She was a former instructor at Huanan Normal University . She was a Canadian national Taijiquan champion and a member of the Canadian National Wushu team. She currently teaches in Canada. See her photo demonstration under Taijiquan.

Guai A cane. This is also referred to as Guaizi . It is a crutch or cane that can be used to assist in walking. A traditional guai looks like a rod with a smaller piece extending from the upper part (Drawing G-2).

Figure G-2: Guai/Tony Bujas

Guangdong Province A Chinese province located at the southeastern part of continental China which borders the South China Sea to its south. It covers over 178 thousand square kilometers with a population of over 71 million people as of 1999.

Guangxi Zhuangzu Zizhiqu An autonomous region in southern China which borders Guangdong to its east and Beibu Gulf to its south. It covers over 236 thousand square kilometers with a population of over 46 million people as of 1999.

Guizhou Province A Chinese province located south of the Yangtze River which borders Sichuan to its north and Guangxi to its south. It covers over 176 thousand square kilometers with a population of over 36 million people as of 1999.

Guoshu Another term for Chinese martial arts. It literally means national art of China. It is also romanized as Kuo Shu.

Gun A pole. It is also referred to as a bang . It is a pole (Drawing G-3) made from a piece of wood or metal. It is known as the head of all weapons . A gun is a long weapon that is usually about the height of person from their feet to their eyebrows or taller. Often times, when the term gun is used, it refers to a cylindrical stick that is tapered from one end to the other, such as, the trunk of a small tree. When the term bang is used, it refers to a cylindrical pole having the same diameter throughout its length.

A pole longer than the distance between the practitioner's feet and eyebrows is considered a long weapon. Shorter poles are known as duanbang (, Drawing G-4), short staff. It is also referred to as biangan . Short staffs are used singularly and as a pair. The shorter length makes it an easy weapon to carry around. Some well-known short staff routines include: Shisanbian , Sanshiliubian , Tuolobian , and Liu-panbian .

There are also poles that are connected with chain links such as the Sanjiegun and Dashaozigun . Sanjiegun is a three sectioned staff chain-linked together (Drawing G-5). It is classified as a flexible weapon. Dashaozigun is a two sectioned staff chained-linked together (Drawing G-6). It is also classified as a flexible weapon. The well-known pole routines include: Shaolingun , Ziweigun , Qingtiangun , Zhaotaizu Tengshegun , Bazigun , Yudayougunfa , and many others.

There is a legend that during the peaceful and prosperous period of the Tang Dynasty, even the Shaolin Temple had lost the original nature of the Shaolin pole applications. A Ming Dynasty general, Yu Dayou , went to the Shaolin Temple and taught the practical pole applications to the Shaolin monks. General Yu also selected two martial monks from the Shaolin Temple to study pole techniques in the military. Three years later, the monks returned to the temple and reestablished the fierce and practical nature of the Shaolin pole techniques. Later, Cheng Chongdou went to the Shaolin temple to study Shaolin pole techniques and wrote about it. Cheng’s book is the well-known, Shaolin Gunfa Chanzong .

Figure G-3: Carrying a Staff in Resting Stance/Li Wenqi

Figure G-4: Hougun/Wu Wen-Ching

Figure G-5: Monkey Staff/Hu Jianqiang

Figure G-6: Biangan/Lu Biao

Figure G-7: Three Sectional Staff/Derek Cheng

Figure G-8: Staff/Katrina Leung

Figure G-9: Staff/Hilbert Yiu, Jr.

Guo, Jianhua He began his Wushu training at the age of seven in Hubei, China. He studied under the direction of Professor Wen Jinmin and Liu Yuehua. He trained and competed professionally for both Wuhan Institute Professional Team and the Hubei Professional Team. He was the head coach of the Wuhan Institute of Physical Education and Hubei Provincial Team from 1972 to 1986. He has published several research articles on the study and training of martial arts for teenagers. He came to the U.S. in 1987 as a professor at Ball State University in Indiana. In 1991, he founded the Championship Martial Arts Academy in Chicago, Illinois. He has taught many martial arts champions and movie stars, including: Chris Farley, Anthony Marquez, and Daniel Pesina. See his photo demonstrations under Fanziquan and Yumenquan.

H

Haideng Fashi (1902-1989) Also known as Fan Wubing . He was a prominent practitioner in the recent past. At age 21, he became a monk in the Emei Mountains and trained in Yizhijin , Erzhichan , Tongzigong , and Shaolin Wuquan . He was the former Henan Shaolin Temple Abbot and Vice Chairman of the China Buddhist Association. See his photo demonstration under Emei Wushu.

Hainan Province A Chinese island province located off the southern part of continental China. It covers over 34 thousand square kilometers with a population of over 7 million people as of 1999.

Halberd see Ji

Hammer see Chui

Hao, Zhihua A former member of the Beijing Wushu team and a Wuyin title recipient. She has attained forty-five top three places in China national Wushu championships, including nineteen gold medals. She was a member of the China Wushu team that performed in many countries. She is a graduate of the Beijing Physical Education University. Upon graduation she remained on as a Wushu instructor for the university. She currently lives in the United States. See her photo demonstration under Xiandai Wushu.

Hard Whip see Bian

He, Fusheng (1910-1998) A prominent Wushu practitioner in China. He inherited his Wushu from his family and also learned from many prominent Wushu practitioners. He learned Chaquan from Wang Ziping and Ma Liang ; Bajiquan from Ma Yingtu ; Xingyiquan from Huang Bonian , Jiang Rongqiao , and Zu Guofu ; and Shuaijiao from Hong Wu . He was the Assistant Dean of Education at the Central Guoshu Institute in 1938. He was well-known for his fast takedown ability, and was nicknamed "Maqiansandao Hekuaijiao ". He was the Wushu coach of the Yunnan Provincial team. He was a committee member of the Chinese Wushu Association and a Chairman of the Yunnan Wushu Association. In 1988, he received the "Wushu Contribution " award. Later, he also received the "Sport Pioneer Award of New China " award. See his photo demonstrations under Huaquan and Taijiquan.

He, Tao A former head coach of the Guangdong Dongguan City Sports Association . He began his Wushu studies under Liang Shou-Yu in 1970 and continued until Liang Shou-Yu immigrated to North America in 1981. He is a Seventh Level Black Belt in Wushu and a Sixth Level Black Belt in Sanshou Dao. He has trained many gold medalists for provincial and national Wushu competitions in China. He was also an all-around champion in the 1983 Sichuan Provincial Wushu Competition, and gold medalist in 1987 for his sword performance in a China National Competition. He received his Wuyin title in 1987, became a world competition fighting judge in 1996, and became a national level coach and judge for lion and dragon dancing competitions. He currently teaches in San Francisco, California. See his photo demonstrations under Tongbiquan, Emei Wushu, Yuanyangyue, and Dao.

He, Weiqi One of three prominent female swordsmen in the 1970’s. In 1974, she was the featured performer in the first official Wushu Delegation to the United States and performed at the White House. She was the senior Wushu coach for the youth at the Shanghai Sports Palace from 1976 to 1989. Her team won the first place honor for seven years in a row at the Shanghai National Junior Wushu competitions. She has received numerous awards from China and abroad, including the prestigious China’s Coaches of Excellence award. She has taught thousands of students all over the world. She has both appeared in and been the action choreographer for many action movies. She is the cofounder of the 18-form system of Taiji Qigong now practiced around the world. In August 2000, she was featured on the Friday Evening News with Peter Jennings. See her photo demonstrations under Jian, Quan, Taijiquan, and Wudang Wushu.

Hebei Province A Chinese Province located downstream and north of the Yellow River which borders Shandong, Tianjin, Bejing, and Liaoning to its east, and borders Shanxi to its west. It covers over 183 thousand square kilometers with a population of over 65 million people as of 1999.

Heilongjiang Province A Chinese Province located at the most northeastern part of China which borders Russia to its north and east, and borders Jilin to its south. It covers over 543 thousand square kilometers with a population of over 37 million people as of 1999.

Henan Shaolin Temple see Shaolin Temple

Henan Province A Chinese province located downstream and to the south of the Yellow River and borders Jiangsu to its east. It covers over 167 thousand square kilometers with a population of over 93 million people as of 1999.

Ho, Fred A gold and silver medalist in western U.S. international Wushu competitions. He has been a judge at Canadian National Wushu competitions. He is a S.Y.L. Wushu Institute instructor. He is also included in the book, China’s Contemporary Wushu Masters . See his photo demonstrations under Yanqingquan and Wushu Sanshou Dao.

Holmes, Michael He is a Second Degree Black Belt in Wado Kai Karate, a First Degree Black Belt in Nisei Karate, and a First Level Black Belt in Wushu Sanshou Dao. See his photo demonstration under Wushu Sanshou Dao.

Hong, Yijiao A member of the U.S. Wushu team. She was a U.S. National Grandchampion in Internal Styles many times. In 1998, she was named Athlete of the Year in the U.S.A. In the 1999 World Wushu Championships held in Hong Kong, she attained seventh place in the compulsory Taiji Sword category. She is a graduate of Zhejiang University with a degree in Physical Education and a majored in Wushu. She was also a former Wushu teacher at Zhejiang University. She was a chief instructor of the Wushu team and former faculty member at the Zhejiang College of Traditional Chinese Medicine. In 2001, she was certified by the International Wushu Federation as an International Wushu Forms Judge. She currently teaches in Seattle, Washington, USA. See her photo demonstrations under Xiandai Wushu and Taijiquan.

Hongjiaquan Translated as Hong Family Fist. It is one of the major Southern Styles. This style was created by Hong Xi-guan of Fujian Province during the Qing Dynasty. It is also popular in Guangdong Province and Southeastern Asian nations. Hong learned his Wushu from Zhishan , a Chan Buddhist monk from Fujian Shaolin Temple. Hong Xiguan was also the character featured in the novel Wangnian Qing written in the later part of the Qing Dynasty. Some of its rotuines include: Sipingliuzhen , Sanjian , Tiejian , Shixing , Huhe Shuang-xinguan , Gong-zifuhuquan , Wu-xingquan , Shixing-quan , Huquan , and Hequan . Its characteristics include using sounds to assist in power emission. Some well-known practitioners in Hongquan include: Tie Qiaosan , Huang Feihong , and Lin Shirong .

Figure H-1: Hongjiaquan/John Leong

Figure H-2: Hongjiaquan/Ken Low

Figure H-3: Hongjiaquan/Saleem Alamudeen

Figures H-4 and H-5: Hongjiaquan Matching Set/Purdy Cheung and Kerry Cheung

Hong Kong A Special Administrative Region in China, located in the South China Sea which includes Hong Kong Island. The total area is about one thousand square kilometers. Hong Kong means fragrant harbor in Chinese. It was originally part of the Guangdong Province until after the Opium War in 1842, when it was ceded to British rule. Hong Kong was under British rule for nearly one and a half centuries until 1997, when it was returned to China and became a Special Administrative Region of China. Hong Kong has a population of over 7 million people.

Hongmen There are two legends to the origin of this style. The first legend believes that it was created by Emperor Zhao Taizu . His face was always hong or red. Therefore, the style was named Hongquan and later became known as Hongmen.

The second legend believes that in the year 1661, the defeated Ming Dynasty general, Zheng Chenggong , organized a counterrevolutionary force against the new Qing Dynasty. The organization used the name Hongmen because the first emperor of the Ming Dynasty was known as Hongwu . It gradually evolved into two distinct divisions, the Northern and the Southern Hongmen. There are over forty-five known barehanded routines, over seventeen weapon routines, and eight application training methods.

Hongquan Translated as Red Fist. Hongquan is popular in Shanxi and Sichuan. Legend has it, that it was passed down by Jueyuanshangren during the Yuan Dynasty. Hongquan is classified as Changquan.

Figure H-6: Xiaohonguqan /Maria Liang

Hongzhimen Legend has it, that Hongzhimen was created by the Daoist, Hong Jun Laozu . Later this style was combined with the "Zhi " style and became known as Hongzhimen. Hongzhimen places its primary focus on Qigong training. Its Wushu movements are open and extended. There are six known barehanded routines, two weapon routines, and seven application training methods.

Hook Sword see Gou

Hoover, Paul He began his Wushu training in 1977 and has been studying from Wu Wen-Ching since 1990. He is a computer consultant. He currently teaches Taijiquan at the Community College of Rhode Island and in the New England area. See his photo demonstration under Nanquan.

Houquan Translated as Monkey Style. Houquan is believed to have existed several thousand years ago. It was recorded in the Ming Dynasty book, Jixiaoxinshu by Qi Jiguang. Houquan is an imitation style mimicking the movements of a monkey It is also known as Dashengmen .

Figure H-7: Monkey Staff/Hu Jianqiang

Howey, Ayron He is an instructor at the S.Y.L. Wushu Institute and the University of British Columbia Sanshou class. In 1999, he was the gold medalist in the Pan American Wushu Championships and silver medalist in the Canadian National Wushu Competition in the 65-70 Kg Sanshou division. In 2001, he was the gold medalist in the 65 to 70 Kg Canadian National Sanshou competition. He was selected to represent Canada at the 6th World Wushu Championships. He is a Third Level Black Belt in Wushu Sanshou Dao. See his photo demonstrations under Wushu Sanshou Dao and Cha.

Hsing Yi Chuan see Xingyiquan

Hsu, Adam (1941-) A prominent Wushu practitioner known for his vast knowledge about many traditional Wushu styles. His principal teacher was the late Liu Yun-Chiao . He has a master’s degree in Chinese literature from Taiwan. He was the General Secretary of the National Kung Fu Federation of Taiwan, Instructor to the Republic of Liberia, and Member of the Republic of China National Kung Fu Delegation. He was the editor and publisher of Wu Tang Martial Arts Magazine, and a senior editor of the Kung Fu Library of Wu Chow Publishing Company. He has written several books and over one hundred articles in English and Chinese. He has been featured and honored by numerous magazines throughout the world. He is the founder of the Traditional Wushu Association. More about him can be found at www.adamhsu.com. See his photo demonstration under Bajiquan.

Hu, Jianqiang He is a famous movie star and Wushu practitioner. He is best known for his starring role in the movie, Shaolin Temple. He became a choreographer in Hong Kong for various movies. He has also appeared in, Kids From Shaolin, North and South Shaolin, and Shogun. He was a member of the Zhejiang Provincial Wushu Team, and won numerous all-around titles. He represented China eleven times and performed Wushu in over thirty nations. He is one of the most outstanding athletes, coaches, and performers in China. He has demonstrated in numerous TV shows that were well received by the audience. He currently teaches and operates a successful school in Connecticut, U.S.A. See his photo demonstrations under Shaolin Wushu, Houquan, and Gun.

Hu, Zehua Also known as Simon Hu. He began his Wushu studies at age twelve under the legendary Wang Ziping; and Wang Jurong, Wu Chengde, and many other prominent Wushu practitioners in China. He is well-versed in all areas of Wushu including the ti, da, shuai, and na components. Under the guidance of Wang Ziping and Wu Chengde, he has also excelled in Qigong and traumatology. He has been a judge at U.S. and Canadian National Wushu competitions and is a founding member of the Confederation of Canadian Wushu Organizations. He currently teaches in Toronto, Canada. See his photo demonstration under Wangshi Wushu.

Huakoumen This is an Emei Style. Huakoumen focuses on one handed applications, neutralization training; and utilizes Yin-Yang, Five Elements, and Bagua as its training philosophy. There are sixteen known routines in this style and various weapons training.

Huang, Rena A 1991 graduate of the Beijing Academy of Performing Arts . She is a first class actor in China. She has received several outstanding performance awards for her performances in Chinese National and Beijing dance competitions. She has starred in several major dance productions and represented China in good will performances overseas. She has also appeared in many movies and TV shows. After immigrating to Canada, she began studying Wushu at the S.Y.L. Institute. See her photo demonstration under Xiandai Wushu.

Huang, Wei-Lun Born in Guangzhou, China where he began his studies of Taijiquan since he was a child. He is a prominent Taijiquan practitioner in the United States. He has been teaching and giving workshops in the U.S., South America, and Europe since 1984. His Taijiquan teachers were Lu Zi Ling, a student of Yang Chengfu, and Ou Yong Ju, the President of the Foshan Wushu Association. His Liuhebafa teacher was Wang So Ting of Shanghai. He currently teaches in Florida, USA. See his photo demonstration under Taijiquan.

Huanglinpai Translated as the Yellow Forest Style. This is an Emei Style. It is credited to an old Taoist priest of the Wannian Temple in the Emei Mountains. During the reign of the Qing Emperor, Yongzheng (, 1723-1735), the emperor gave an order to arrest all nonmilitary martial artists. As a result many martial art practitioners gathered at Jiufeng Mountain as a sanctuary to practice their Wushu and to share their Wushu with youngsters that came to learn.

The leaves of the ginkgo or the maidenhair trees in the Jiufeng Mountains turn a golden yellow color in the Fall. Thereby, the style was named Huanglin, meaning Yellow Forest. The known barehanded routines include: Sipingquan , Dengzhuangquan , and three Hulongquan , a weapon routine known as Yanlindao , and a training method referred to as Meirenzhuang .

Figure H-8: Huolongquan/Derek Cheng

Huaquan Translated as Flower Fist. According to legend, this style was created by Gan Fengchi of the Qing Dynasty. It is a short range style. Huaquan focuses on offensive and defensive techniques. There are over eighty-eight specific fighting and takedown techniques.

Huaquan Translated as Hua Mountain Fist. Legend has it, that this style was created by the Cai brothers during the Song Dynasty in the Sandong area. The Cai brothers were prominent Wushu practitioners who taught their relatives their Wushu. Because their ancestors were originally from the Hua Mountains, their style was later named Huaquan.

Another explanation for the naming of the style is believed to be from the training of jing , qi , and shen . Jing, qi, and shen are also known as the three hua , or three pure essences. By combining the three hua into one it becomes Huaquan. Huaquan is classified as Changquan.

Figures H-9 and H-10: Huaquan/He Fusheng

Figure H-11: Huaquan/Michael Li

Huatao Wuyi A term referring to the performance art derived from traditional Wushu, and practiced for the purpose of entertaining audiences. It is also referred to as Huaquan Xiutui , which literally means "flowery fist and embroidered feet". That is, of no combat value.

Since the Ming Dynasty, peace and raising prosperity in the cities brought about a greater need for cultural entertainment. Some of these needs were met by Wushu practitioners wandering into the cities from the countryside. In order to make a living, many Wushu practitioners became street performers. Their amazing abilities were warmly received and further promoted the increase in the artistic value of Wushu. As a result, more and more artistically expressive Wushu routines were created. The Chinese opera and ethnic dances had also been significantly influenced by Wushu. The popularity of combat performances in the Chinese opera and ethnic dances pushed the popularity of Huatao Wuyi to its height.

From an artistic perspective, it was a wonderful development. From the Wushu standpoint, Huatao Wuyi had lost its original nature. For this reason, the Ming Dynasty military officer, Qi Jiquang, forbade his troops to learn it. However, for people that didn’t know Wushu, it was very entertaining. Therefore, the development of Huatao Wuyi continues even today.

Hubei Province A Chinese province located at the mid-stream of the Yangtze River and borders Sichuan to its west. It covers over 185 thousand square kilometers with a population of over 59 million people as of 1999.

Huen, Siu Hung A member of the Canadian Wushu team in 1985. He began studying Internal and External Style Wushu from Liang Shou-Yu in 1982. He has attained many gold and silver medals in several international Wushu championships, and was included in the book, China’s Contemporary Wushu Masters . He is a S.Y.L. Wushu Institute instructor. He has trained many Wushu athletes that have attained outstanding marks in international competitions. See his photo demonstration under Wuji Xiaoyaopai.

Huheshuanxingquan Translated as Tiger-Crane Routine. This is a southern style routine created by Lin Shirong during the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the republic. Lin was from Pingzhou , Nanhai . Lin studied his family Wushu then studied from Wu Quanmei , Huang Feihong , etc. He based his creation on Hongiaquan and Foquan , with the characteristics of the tiger and crane. Thereby, the name Huheshuanxingquan, meaning Tiger-Crane Paired Shaped Routine. This routine consists of 108 postures.

Figure H-12: Huheshuanxingquan/Tony Bujas

Hui, Mo A gold medalist in the 1997 U.S. National Wushu championships in Nine Sectioned Chain, and a Silver medalist in the Canadian National Sanshou competition. He is an instructor at the S.Y.L. Wushu Institute. He is a graduate of the University of British Columbia with a degree in Computer Science. He is also included in the book, China’s Contemporary Wushu Masters . See his photo demonstrations under Tongbiquan, Fanziquan, Bian, and Xiandai Wushu.

Huimen This style was created by Song Luhua of Shandong Province. Huimen training includes: meditation, visualization, and intention training. The movements are usually accompanied with small steps and lower stances. The known routines include: Yangjianquan , Nazhaquan , Hamaquan , Hudiequan , Shetouquan , and Rope Dart.

Hunan Province A Chinese province located south of the Yangtze River which borders Hubei to its north and Guangdong to its south. It covers over 204 thousand square kilometers with a population of over 65 million people as of 1999.

Hung Gar see Hongjiaquan

Huquan Translated as Tiger Routine. This term refers to an imitation routine that mimics the characteristics of a tiger or leopard. There are many Huquan routines including: Huquan , Heihuquan , Huxingquan , Xingyi Hubaoquan , Menghu Xiashanquan , Ehuquan , Baihuquan , and Huzhuaquan .

Huxingquan Translated as Tiger Style. This is one of the imitation type Southern Styles. It imitates the tiger’s characteristics in its movements. It was created by Zhou Zihe of Fujian Province. It focuses on short range applications emphasizing the strength of the fingers or the claws. Some of the known routines include: Sanzhan , Simen , Wufei , Bagua , Qixing , Xiashanhu , and Yibailinbashi .

I

Inner Mongolia see Nei Mongol Zizhiqu

Internal Style see Neijiaquan

I.W.S.D. see Wushu Sanshou Dao

J

Jay, Bok Tong Also known as Tony Jay. He is a prominent instructor of Lamapai Kung Fu, Taijiquan, and Qigong. He currently teaches in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. See his photo demonstration under Lamapai.

Jeet Kune Do see Jiequandao

Ji A halberd or lance. It is like a spear with an additional moon shaped blade along one or both sides of the spear head. A ji with a single moon shape blade is referred to as a Qinglongji (, Drawing J-1). A ji with moon shape blades on both sides of the spear head is referred to as a Fangtianji (, Drawing J-2).

Jian A narrow blade sword (Drawing J-3). It is known as the king of blades and is regarded by both scholars and martial artists as the most distinguished of all weapons. It is not just the "king of blades"; in ancient China, sword ownership represented power and prestige. For example, the Emperor’s Sword, which ancient emperors presented to their royal subjects, had the authority to execute prisoners without first acquiring permission. Swords were also ceremonial tools used in Taoist ceremonies for getting rid of evil. The wearing of a sword at official gatherings represented prestige and rank. Scholars also wore a sword to be distinguished and elegant.

During the Spring-Autumn era, bronze and iron weapons were the most lethal war weapons. The ability to produce quality swords and the ability to fight with the sword were significant factors in winning or losing a war. This was especially true in the area south of the Yangtze River where the land was filled with rice paddies, streams, and rivers. The war machines of the time were nearly useless. The primary military strength was the soldiers’ ability to fight with a sword. For this reason, the quality of sword production and sword fighting techniques advanced significantly in this era.

The kings of all territories hired expert swordsmen to teach their army jiandao, the way of the sword. There have been many famous swordsmen in ancient China. One of the most famous historical figures was Yuenu, the Lady of the Yue Kingdom. Yuenu was a swordswoman that taught the way of the sword to the Yue army and gave them victory over their nemesis. Yuenu was also one of the most significant people in the ancient development of swordsmanship.

To improve the fighting abilities of their soldiers, it was customary for kings to employ master swordsmen to teach their soldiers. On a chance encounter, the king’s consul met Yuenu, and he recommended Yuenu to Jujian, the King of Yue. King Jujian requested Yuenu to demonstrate her sword skills and to teach his soldiers. Yuenu complied. In Jujian’s palace ten of his most elite bodyguards attempted to close in on Yuenu at the same time. None of them were able to touch her. In just a few moments, with the chilling sounds of slicing and jabbing blades, followed by falling bodies and the sounds of the swords hitting the palace floor, it was all over. Yuenu’s superior skill was obvious to all present.

King Jujian asked Yuenu to explain the principles of her sword skills. Yuenu explained that her way of the sword was based on the Book of Changes, Laozi, and Sunzi’s Art of War. She explained the technical, strategic, and psychological components of swordsmanship; and how they applied to movement and stillness, fast and slow movements, defense and offense, consequential and inconsequential movements, internal energy and external expression, following and opposing movements, and inhalation and exhalation. With Yuenu’s expertise and teaching, Jujian’s army became more and more powerful and defeated his nemesis. Legend has it, that Yuenu gained her extraordinary sword skill by practicing her stick-sword fighting with a white ape, since she was a child. The White Ape Sword and Yuenu Sword are credited to have been the creation of Yuenu.

As early as the Han Dynasty, a thirty-eight chapter book on Jiandao or the Way of the Sword was compiled. Today, there are many types of swords and many well-known sword routines. Different styles also have their own training methods and routines.

Figure J-1: Long Sword Exits the Scabbard/Pan Qingfu

Figure J-2: Group Double Swords/S.Y.L. Wushu Institute Students: Mo, Derek, Francis, Chanelle, Cheryl, and Tiffannie

Figure J-3: Fingers with No Sword/Jiang Haoquan

Figure J-4: Sword with Scabbard/Liang Shou-Yu

Figure J-5: Long Tassel Sword/ He Weiqi

Figure J-6: Eight Immortal Sword/Helen Liang

Figure J-7: Sword/Zhang Lingmei

Figure J-8: Double Long Tassel Sword/He Weiqi

Figure J-9: Three Incense Points at the Heaven/Liang Shihong

Figure J-10: Group Long Tassel Sword/ S.Y.L. Wushu Institute Students: Kelly, Shona, Sarah, Chanelle, Cheryle, Katrina, and Tiffannie

Figure J-11: Group Double Sword/S.Y.L. Wushu Institute Students: Mo, Derek, Francis, Chanelle, Cheryl, and Tiffannie

Figure J-12: White Ape Sword/Helen Liang

Figure J-13: Sancaijian/Wu Wen-Ching

Figure J-14: Sword Points at Mount Kunlu/Li Jinheng

The well-known sword routines include: Taijijian , Taiyijian , Wudangjian , Kunlunjia , Kunwujian , Emeijian , Qixingjian , Baxianjian , Baguajian , Damojian , Baiyaunjian , Chuanlinjian , Tongbeijian , Qingpingjian , Longfengjian , Tanglangjian , Panlongjian , Chunyangjian , Sancaijian , Sanhejian , Tipaojian , and Qinghongjian .

Figure J-15: Double Swords/Zhang Hong Mei

Figure J-16: Sword Matching/Zhang Hong Mei and Liu Yu

Figure J-17: Sword/Phillip Wong

Jian A short weapon, usually made of metal, with a handle and a rod extension (Drawing J-4). The cross section of the rod extension is usually shaped like a square, an octagon, or a pentagon. It is practiced singly or in pairs.

Jiang, Haoquan (1917-) The first person to receive a Ph.D. in Wushu in China. He is a Wushu professor and was the head coach of many provincial, military, and police training centers. He began swimming lessons at age three and started his Wushu studies at age 4. He is a graduate of the Central Guoshu Institute (1932-1936). In his youth, he defeated many foreign and Chinese boxers. He attained many awards and nicknames, including "China and Asia Boxing King ", "China Fitness Champion ", "Living Huo Yuanjia ", "The Great Fighter ", "Chinese National and Shanghai Diving Champion", and many others. He currently teaches at Jiang Haoquan Chinese Martial Arts College in California, U.S.A. See his photo demonstrations under Jian and Xiandai Wushu.

Jiang, Jianye A prominent Wushu practitioner and calligrapher. He was a former instructor at Shandong Qufu Athletic University . He is a graduate of Shandong Teachers University, and holds a master degree in Physical Education from the Shanghai Physical Education Institute. He has also produced numerous instructional Wushu videotapes. He currently teaches in Albany, NY and gives workshops throughout the United States. See his photo demonstrations under Shequan and Shandongjiao.

Jianghequan Translated as River Style. It originated from Kaifeng in Henan Province. There are four known routines in this style.

Jiangsu Province A Chinese province located on the eastern coast of continental China. It is located downstream of the Yangtze River and borders the Yellow Sea to its east. It covers over 102 thousand square kilometers with a population of over 71 million people as of 1999.

Jiangxi Huimen Translated as the Huimen Style of Jiangxi. This style originated in the Jiangxi Province by Liu Jiangxi . It focuses on offensive applications. There are seven barehanded routines and one bench routine.

Jiangxi Province A Chinese province located south of the Yangtze River and borders Fujian Province to its southeast and borders Hunan to its west. It covers over 167 thousand square kilometers with a population of over 41 million people as of 1999.

Jiequan Translated as Sectional Fist. It utilizes Tantui as its foundation. It is a style developed during the Qing Dynasty.

Jiequandao Also known as, Jeet Kune Do. This is a new martial arts style created by Bruce Lee (, 1940-1973). Bruce Lee was born in San Francisco, California while his parents were traveling in the United States. He started his Wushu training under his father at age seven in Hong Kong. At thirteen, he began studying Yongchunquan under his teacher Yip Man and older classmate Huang Chunliang . At age eighteen, he returned to the U.S. and in 1961, he entered the University of Washington and majored in philosophy. While in the U.S., he continued his Wushu training and absorbed other eastern and western fighting arts into his own practice and created Jiequandao. He was the star in many martial arts films and his movies jolted the movie industry, bringing Chinese martial arts to an all time high in awareness and popularity in the west.

Jiequandao can be translated as the way of intercepting fist. However, Bruce Lee, himself, regarded Jiequandao more as a philosophy and concept rather than a style. Jiequandao is deeply rooted in ancient Chinese philosophy.

Jilin Province A Chinese province located in the middle of the northeastern part of China. It borders Heilongjiang to its north, North Korea to its southeast, and Liaoning to its southwest. It borders Russia to its north and east, and borders Jilin to its south. This province covers over 187 thousand square kilometers with a population of over 26 million people as of 1999.

Jinbashou Translated as Tight Eight Hands. This was a popular style during the middle of the Qing Dynasty around the Hubei Province. The known training includes: eight routines, sixteen kicking methods, and eight punching methods.

Jingpo Wushu This refers to the Wushu developed by the Jingpo tribe of ancient China. They lived in deep forests and were under a constant threat from animals. To protect themselves they developed effective blade techniques. Today, the descendants of the Jingpo still practice their Wushu. Their saber techniques tend to be more offensive than defensive in applications. They have many saber routines including: Sanbukanbao , Wugejiaobu , Qigejiaobu , and several double saber routines. Performances of saber techniques are often seen during the Jingpo ethnic holiday celebrations.

Jinjiagong This was created during the reign of the Qing Emperor, Daoguang , between 1823 and 1850. After a failed revolution against the Qing Empire, Ji Yiwang changed his name to Jin Daoren and created Jinjiao Shiershi . They have two special training methods and five characteristics. The special training methods are Kaihe Qigong and Caojin Wucidi . There are twenty-eight known routines in this style.

Jinwu Tiyuhui This athletic association was founded in 1910 by Chen Gongzhe . It was originally named the Shanghai Jinwu Ticao Xuexiao which was founded in 1909. In 1909 Huo Yuanjia (, 1857-1909) of Hebei Province was invited to Shanghai to teach his Wushu. He defeated foreign challengers during the later part of the weakened Qing Dynasty and became a prominent practitioner of the time. Unfortunately, he died six months after he arrived, due to an illness. Some people believe he was poisoned. However, the spirit of Huo Yuanjia and Jinwu continue until today. His legacy still continues in the Jinwu Athletic Associations all over the world.

Jixiaoxinshu A Wushu book written by Qi Jiquang (, 1528-1587). Qi was a Ming Dynasty general and author of Jixiaoxinshu —The New Book of Effective Disciplines. His book was one of the earliest records of the different styles of Wushu available. He was a prominent practitioner in Wushu and military strategy. His book and teachings had a significant influence on the development of Wushu and the military. This book was originally published in 1584 and has been repeatly reprinted in subsequent centuries until today. It has also been reprinted under many other titles in Imperial China, Japan, and Korea.

Johnson, Jared A member of the Canadian Wushu team and a student of the S.Y.L. Wushu Institute. In 1998, he was a gold medalist in the Pan American Wushu Championships and Canadian National Wushu Competition in the 90 kilogram Sanshou division. See his photo demonstration under Wushu Sanshou Dao.

Johnson, Jerry Alan A Doctor of Traditional Chinese Medicine. He is well-known for his work in the field of Qigong, Taijiquan, and Baguazhang. He has written and published numerous books and videos on martial arts and Qigong. He is the Executive Director and Founder of the International Institute of Medical Qigong with branches in the U.S.A., Canada, South Africa, and Europe. More about him and his school can be found at www.qigongmedicine.com. See his photo demonstration under Baguazhang.

Johnson, Jose He was the Internal Style Grandchampion in the 1995 U.S. National Wushu Championships. He has also been the grandchampion at A Taste of China Internal Style competitions. He is a student of Nick Gracenin. He currently teaches in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. See his photo demonstration under Fushi Wushu.

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Karate-do A Japanese system of martial arts that combined Chinese martial arts with the native Okinawan martial arts. In the 1920's it spread to the Japanese mainland from Okinawa. The original characters used were , pronounced as tangshoudao in Chinese. The original characters implied that the art came from the martial arts of the Chinese Tang Dynasty. In the 1930's, it was changed to the current characters, meaning barehanded ways, without changing the Japanese pronounciation.

Figure K-1: Karate/Wang Yu Wa (1978)

 

Keele, Calvin A many time Push Hands gold medalist at the West Coast U.S. and Canadian Wushu competitions. He has completed Level Two Taijiquan Instructor training at S.Y.L. Wushu Institute. See his photo demonstrations under Taijiquan and Wushu Sanshou Dao.

Kejiaquan A term referring to Southern Styles practiced by the Kejia (, Hakka) speaking people in China. More specifically, it refers to the Southern Styles of Guangdong Province; namely, Diaojiaquan , Zhujiajiao , Niujiajiao , Zhangjiajiao , etc.

Figure K-2: Zhangjiajiao/Anthony Goh

Kexingzhang This style was created by Cheng Kexin . Cheng combined Wushu with the Yijing . He incorporated bagau , yinyang , wuxing , energy channels, and Daoist and Emei Wushu. Kexingzhang is a Wushu, Qigong, energy healing technique, and probability prediction style. In recent years, it has been warmly received by Wushu and Yijing practitioners alike. Its training content includes: Baguawuxing Kexingzhang , Wanshouzhuangong Kexing-zhang , Wanshoupaibing Caiqigong ( ), and Kexingzhang Xinlidafa .

Figures K-3, K-4, and K-5: Kexingzhang/Cheng Kexin

Khow, Malee She is the president and head instructor of Malee’s School of Tai Chi and Kung Fu. She is a certified international Wushu Kung Fu instructor and judge. She was born in Thailand and has trained in the martial arts for over twenty-five years. She has won the annual Thailand Wushu Competition five times since 1985. She was a gold medalist in numerous international Wushu competitions. She was the director of the First New England International Chinese Martial Arts Championships. More about her and her school can be found at www.malees-tai-chi-kung-fu.com. See her photo demonstration under Dao.

King, Declan He has completed his Level One Taijiquan Instructor training at S.Y.L. Wushu Institute. See his photo demonstration under Wushu Sanshou Dao.

Kongmenquan Translated as Confucius Style. This style is popular in Wuhan City in Hubei Province. It was created by Hu Tielu during the beginning of the Qing Dynasty. Hu competed in a fighting competition and lost. After his defeat, he traveled around China in search of teachers and friends to improve his ability. His ability grew during his travels. Hu began to teach his Wushu to his villagers upon returning from his travels. Because he was a devotee of Kongzi's (Confucius) teachings, his Wushu was named Kongmenquan. The known routines include: Longshi , Hushi , Fengshi , Yunyan , Longhudou , Huzhanshan , Bilongzhu , and Laocuchudong . This style is also popular in the Guangdong Province.

Kung Fu A generic term referring to Chinese martial arts. Also see gongfu.

Kunlunpai Translated as Kunlun Mountain Style. This style originated in the Kunlun Mountains. Legend has it, that the Taoist ancestor, Hongjun taught three disciples. They were: Laozi , Yuanshi , and Tongtian . Among the three, Tongtian was credited as the originator of Kunglunpai. Yuanshi had 12 disciples. Later, Kunlunpai was divided into two branches—Eastern and Western Kunlunpai.

In its long history, there have been many legendary practitioners of Kunlunpai. During the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the Taoist, Tieleng , was well-known and had many prominent students. Legend has it, that during the Tang Dynasty, Shentianyun , Tianfeng , and Tianlei were known for their Kunlunjian , Qianyuangong , and Tiangangzhang . During the Song Dynasty, Wang Long was known for his Bagua Longxingjian . During the Ming Dynasty, there were seven Taoists of Kunlun, known as the Kunlun Qijian who were well-known at that time. During the Qing Dynasty, there were three Taoists known for their Qianyuan Qixingjian .

Since the five dynasties mentioned, there have been over 105 generations of Kunlunpai practitioners. There are eight known barehanded routines and many weapon routines.

Kunlunquan It is believed, that this style has been around for over 200 years. The eight key words to this style are: diao hua , xiong meng , tun tu , and fu chen .

Kwok, Alex He is a prominent Mizhongquan practitioner. He has been a champion in many major tournaments and was rated as the number one forms competitor in North America in 1974. In 2001, he was certified by the International Wushu Federation as an International Wushu Forms Judge. He currently teaches in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. See his photo demonstration under Mizongquan.

Kwok, Fred He is the Vice President of the Canadian National Chinese Martial Arts Federation and the President of the Western Canada Chinese Martial Arts Association. He is a prominent Yongchunquan instructor in Vancouver, Canada. He is noted for his powerful street techniques demonstrated by breaking the limbs off many wooden dummies. See his photo demonstration under Yongchunquan.

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Lai, William A gold medalist in U.S. Tae Kwon Do competitions. He is a student of the S.Y.L. Wushu Institute. See his photo demonstration under Zuiquan.

Lamapai This is a style developed by the Xizang (Tibet) Mizong Lama . Legend has it, that this style was developed in the 14th century by a Lama who witnessed a fight between a white crane and an ape. The Lama mimiced the movements of the white crane and the ape, and developed this style.

Figure L-1: Mizong Lama Staff/Tony Jay

Langzi Yanqingquan This is the name of a routine that includes high, medium, and low stances, along with many hand techniques. Power is often generated from the shoulders and back. Its movements are agile and constantly turning, and utilizes an offensive approach in its applications.

Figure L-2: Langzi Yangqingquan/Fremont Woo

Lanshoumen Translated as Intercepting Hand Style. Lanshoumen is classified as a Shaolin Style. Its routines are open and extended. During the end of the Ming Dynasty and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, Zheng Tianxing of Henan Province escaped Manchurian persecution for his counterrevolutionary activities and went to Tianjin. In Tianjin City, he taught Lanshoumen to students. Today, there are two distinct divisions within Lanshoumen. They are the Hedongpai and the Hexipai . There were two known original routines. Practitioners of this style later added many other routines including: Sidacaoquan , Fanquan , Wuhuapao , Yanqingjia , Liulu Tantui ; and many other weapon routines, sparring routines, and training methods.

Latecki, Narcyz A. He has won the title of all-around champion many times in national and international Wushu competitions in Poland and the U.S. He began his martial arts studies in 1983 and attained over thirty-two gold medals from 1986 to 1997. He has studied extensively with several prominent Wushu masters in China, Poland, and North America. He has been featured in five instructional videotapes on Chinese martial arts. On numerous occasions, he has appeared as a guest performer for the Commonwealth Civic Ballet and the American Chinese Art Society. He is the founder and head instructor of the Chinese Martial Arts Health and Fitness Center of Acton. See his photo demonstration under Xiandai Wushu.

Lau, Francis A S.Y.L. Wushu Institute instructor and a black belt in Sanshou Dao. See his photo demonstration under Liuhequan.

Lee, Hansen He is a former member of the Sichuan Physical Education College Wushu team and a graduate of the Beijing Physical Education University. He is a film action director for over 20 action movies and he has also starred in many movies himself. He currently teaches in Vancouver, Canada. See his photo demonstration under Bian.

Lee, Johnny Also known as Lee Kwong Ming. He is a prominent practitioner of Taijiquan, Baguazhang, Mizongquan, and hard Qigong. He is one of the first instructors to introduce traditional Wushu into mainstream America. He has been featured on the covers of many national martial arts magazines. He was also named Instructor of the Year and inducted into the Black Belt Hall of Fame. In 1998, he co-directed with Jeff Bolt, the World Kung Fu/Wushu Championships in Florida, one of the largest International Kung Fu tournaments held in America. He currently teaches at Lee’s White Leopard Kung Fu School in Dallas, Texas, U.S.A. See his photo demonstration under Mizongquan.

Lee, Kam P. He began his training in Wuzuquan in Malaysia when he was fifteen. He is a licensed Acupuncture Physician in Florida; and is the director of the Chinese Medical Center in Orange Park, Florida. He began teaching Wuzuquan in 1993. He is the lineage holder of Wuzuquan in the U.S. See his photo demonstration under Wuzuquan.

Lee, Sanford He is a Way of the Dragon school instructor, a student of Wu Wen-Ching, and a black belt in Wushu Sanshou Dao. He has been a gold medalist in U.S. national and international Wushu competitions many times. He holds a masters degree from Rhode Island School of Design and is a graduate of the New England School of Acupuncture. He now teaches Wushu and practices acupuncture in Rhode Island and Massachusetts, U.S.A. See his photo demonstration under Changquan.

Lee, Santos He is a top student of Hilbert T.S. Yiu and an instructor at the Choy Lee Fut Shung Ying School in Canada. He has been a gold medalist in many tournaments in Northwestern U.S.A. and Canada. He is a committee member of Wushu B.C. See his photo demonstration under Nanquan.

Leong, John He is a prominent Wushu practitioner and a pioneer of Kung Fu in the Pacific Northwest. In 1963, he founded the Seattle Kung Fu Club. He has taught many students in his Seattle Chinatown location. He has been featured in many martial arts magazines, and represented the United States in demonstrating Kung Fu at the First International Wushu Championships in Xian, China in 1985. He has organized many charity events that have featured numerous high profile martial artists. He is the current Chairman of the United Kung Fu Federation of North America. See his photo demonstration under Hongjiaquan.

Leung, Howie He began studying Wushu from Liang Shou-Yu at age eight, learning different styles of Internal and External styles, Qinna, Shuaijiao, Sanshou, and Hard Qigong. He has been a gold medalist and all-around champion of U.S. and Canadian national and international Wushu championships many times. He is included in the book, China’s Contemporary Wushu Masters . He is a Third Level Black Belt in Wushu Sanshou Dao. In 2001, he was the gold medalist in the 75 to 80 Kg Canadian National Sanshou competition. He was selected to represent Canada at the 6th World Wushu Championships. He is certified by the International Wushu Federation as a coach and an International Sanshou Judge. He is also the Sanshou Chairman of Wushu B.C. See his photo demonstrations under Nanquan, Wushu Sanshou Dao, and Xiandai Wushu.

Leung, Katrina She is a many time U.S., Canadian, and Pan American Wushu all-around champion. She began studying from Liang Shou-Yu at age 5. In the 1995 World Wushu championships held in the U.S.A., she attained fifth place in the compulsory staff category. In the 1997 World Wushu Championships held in Rome she attained fourth place. In the 1999 World Wushu Championships held in Hong Kong, she attained third place in the compulsory staff category and seventh in the compulsory Changquan category. At age 13, she was one of the youngest and most accomplished Wushu athletes in the world. She is included in the book, China’s Contemporary Wushu Masters . She has been featured on the CCTV in China. In 2001, she was selected as a member of the Canadian Wushu team to compete in the Sixth World Wushu Championships to be held in Armenia. See her photo demonstrations under Xiandai Wushu, Changquan, and Gun.

Levenston, Michael (1951-) He is one of the founding members of the International Wushu Sanshou Dao Association and an Instructor at the S.Y.L. Wushu Institute. He has been a student of Liang Shou-Yu since 1981. He has learned many Internal and External Styles, and Qigong. He began his martial arts training in 1971 from Yuwa Hedrick-Wong. He has also trained Yang Style Taijiquan with Raymond Chung, Fu Style Internal Arts with Ken Chung, and trained Okinawan weapons with Koyabo Shihan. He is a Sixth Level Black Belt in Wushu Sanshou Dao; and is the Chairman of the Vancouver Affliate of I.W.S.D. Since 1978, he has been the Executive Director of City Farmer - Canada Urban Agriculture. See his photo demonstration under Wushu Sanshou Dao.

Lew-Watson, Betty She began her study of Wushu in 1982. In 1989, she met Dr. Wu Chengde and Professor Wang Jurong. Since 1990, she has studied Beiquan (Chaquan system) Taijiquan, and short weapons. Currently, she teaches Taijiquan and Wushu several days a week, as well as, continues her training under Professor Wang and Dr. Wu in group and private classes. She has been actively involved in promoting Wushu in the U.S.A., and in developing judging standards and methods for Wushu competitions. See her photo demonstration under Chaquan.

Li, Enjiu A native of Shandong Province. He was the coach of Licheng County , principle of Jinanshi Jiaoqu Tixiao , and Jinan City Wushu Head Coach. He has been a gold medalist in China national competitions. He is a prominent representative of Chen Style Taijiquan. His students have attained over eighteen gold and five silver medals in China national Taiji Push Hands competitions. He has been invited on numerous occasions to give workshops in the U.S. and Japan. He is also a prominent practitioner of Chaquan, Paoquan, Sunbinquan, Tanglangquan, and Two Handed Sword. See his photo demonstration under Taijiquan.

Li, Jinheng He is a former member of the Beijing Wushu team. He was also a member of the China Wushu Youth Representative that performed in many countries. He was a gold medalist in Rope Dart in a China national Wushu championship. He has organized several Wushu competitions in the Phoenix, Arizona area, where he currently teaches. See his photo demonstrations under Jian and Xiandai Wushu.

Li, Michael Also known as Li Yongqian. He has been the chief judge of U.S. national and international Sanshou competitions. He graduated from Beijing Physical Education University in 1984. He has been the gold medalist many times in forms and Sanshou categories during Gansu provincial and China national Wushu competitions. He was the 1993 U.S. Wushu team coach, and an advisor of the U.S.A. Wushu Kung Fu Federation. See his photo demonstrations under Xiandai Wushu, Chuojiao, Huaquan, Piguaquan, Bajiquan, and Xibei Difangquan.

Li, Rong (1962-) She began her Wushu training in 1974 from Liang Shou-Yu. Later, she entered Chengdu Physical Education University. She became a Wushu instructor of Sichuan Provincial Wushu school in 1985. She was instrumental in the compilation of Wushu books about Sichuan Wushu styles and weapons; and received an individual award for her pioneering efforts in organizing and rediscovering Wushu. In 1990, her teacher, Liang Shou-Yu, assisted her in coming to Canada. She received a gold medal both for her double sword and Chen Style Taijiquan in the 5th World Cup International Championships. She is a Seventh Level Black Belt in Wushu. She is included in the book, Biography of China's Prominent Wushu Practitioners . See her photo demonstration under Emei Wushu.

Li, Sam He is a many time U.S. and Canadian national Wushu competition grandcham-pion. He was a member of the 1999 Canadian Wushu team. He is an instructor at the Canadian Chinese Martial Arts Training Center, and one of Ken Low's top students. In 2001, he was selected as a member of the Canadian National team to compete in the Sixth World Wushu Championships to be held in Armenia. See his photo demonstration under Bian.

Li, Wenqi He is also known as Wayland Li. He has been the gold medalist many times in individual competitions in China. He was the head coach of the National Wushu team for the Republic of Mongolia, and was the head coach for the Canadian National Wushu team in 1995 and 1997. He currently operates a successful Modern Wushu Centre in Toronto, Canada. See his photo demonstration under Gun.

Liang, Helen Also known as Liang Hao. Liang Shou-Yu’s eldest daughter. She began studying Wushu from her father, Liang Shou-Yu at age 4. She is a former Sichuan provincial athlete, and a S.Y.L. Wushu Institute instructor. She has received numerous gold medals in international competitions. She is a graduate of the University of British Columbia with a degree in Economics. Her Liuhebafa performance has been broadcast on numerous TV stations in the United States, and her Shequan performance with her sister, Maria, has been broadcast on TV stations in China. She has been featured numerous times in Chinese and English Wushu magazines. She is also included in the book, China’s Contemporary Wushu Masters . See her photo demonstrations under Baguazhang, Xingyiquan, Liuhebafa, Shequan, and Shan.

Liang, Maria Also known as Liang Shuang. Liang Shou-Yu’s youngest daughter. She has received numerous gold medals in international Wushu competitions. She is a graduate of the University of British Columbia with a degree in Computer Science. She is a S.Y.L. Wushu Institute instructor. She is also included in the book, China’s Contemporary Wushu Masters . See her photo demonstrations under Hongquan , Shequan, Xiandai Wushu, and Dao.

Liang, Qiangya He is a formal disciple of Fu Zhensong . When Fu Zhensong traveled to southern China for the second time in 1945, he stayed in the home of Liang Qiangya and taught his Wushu to Liang Qiang-Ya. He is the director of the Guangzhou Wushu Committee; the Executive Director, Vice President, and Chief Training Officer for the Guangzhou Wudang Association; advisor and guest coach of Hong Kong Association for Advancement of Bagua Martial Arts; and the coach for the Martial Arts Association of Guangzhou Herbal University, Martial Arts Association of Guangzhou Institute of Medicine, and Martial arts Association of Guangzhou Foreign Trade College. He is a prominent practitioner of Fushi and Wudang Wushu. See his photo demonstrations under Fushi Wushu and Wudang Wushu.

Liang, Shihong (1946-) In 1962, he was the all-around champion of the Guangdong Provincial championships. From 1974-1983, he was the coach of the Guangdong Wushu team, and a judge at China national Wushu competitions. In 1980, he was the coach of the Guangdong Hard Qigong and Wushu Performance team that visited all over Asian countries. He also taught Qigong and Wushu in Australia. He has written a book about Liuhebafa. He currently has an acupuncture and Qigong healing practice in Vancouver, Canada. See his photo demonstrations under Liuhebafa and Jian.

Liang, Shou-Yu (1942-) He began his Wushu and Qigong studies at age 6. He is a Coaches of Excellence recipient from China. In his youth, he received many gold medals in provincial and national Wushu, Shuaijiao, and weight lifting competitions. He has published over 20 books and videos. He has been the Wushu Chairperson and faculty member of the U.B.C. since 1984. He has been the Head Coach of the Canadian Wushu team many times. He is the founder of the I.W.S.D. Association, and the Vice President of the Confederation of Canadian Wushu Organizations. He has been the Referee General in international Wushu competitions many times. He is included in the books The Biography of China's Prominent Wushu Practitioners , China’s Contemporary Wushu Masters , Who's Who in the World , and The Record of Prominent Chinese Descendants in the World . See his photo demonstrations throughout this book.

Lianmenquan Translated as the United Fist. It was known to have existed since the 1850’s in eastern Sichuan Province. The known routines include: Lianbachui , Huzichiu , and Bifengdandao .

Lianshouduanda Translated as Connected Hands and Short Strikes. It is also known as Gouguaizi . Its origin can be traced back to Cangzhou , Hebei Province.

Liaoning Province A Chinese province located on the lower part of northeastern China. It borders the Bohai Sea to its south, North Korea to its southeast, and Jilin to its northeast. It covers 145 thousand square kilometers with a population of over 41 million people as of 1999.

Lin, Siyan He is a former member of the Washington University Wushu team. See his photo demonstration under Xiandai Wushu.

Lintunen, Juha A. He was the 1995 Canadian national Karate invitational free fighting and forms grandchampion. In 1993, he was the bronze medalist at the Wado Kao Karate invitational free fighting competition. He has been studying Taijiquan and Sanshou for many years. In 1994, he received a gold medal at the Shanghai International Wushu Festival/Competition. He is a Third Level Black Belt in Sanshou Dao. See his photo demonstration under Wushu Sanshou Dao.

Liquan Translated as Li Family Fist. This style was created by Li Ci , a monk from Fujian Shaolin Temple. It spread to Guangdong Province and became one of the popular Southern Styles in Guangdong today.

Liu, Shawn Also known as Liu Xiangyang and De Ru. He is the 31st generation disciple of the Shaolin Temple in Henan Province. He has often been the chief judge of U.S. national Sanshou competition, and the head coach of the U.S. Sanshou team. He is the president of the East-West Health and Wellness Center and the East-West International Culture and Arts Exchange, Inc. See his photo demonstrations under Luohanquan and Shaolin Wuquan.

Liu, Weixiong He was a member of the 1986 and 1996 Canadian Wushu team. He was a silver medalist in the First Pan American Wushu Championship. He received his diploma for the 2000 International Wushu Coach Training Course. He is the coach of the Montreal Wushu Institute. See his photo demonstration under Zuiquan.

Liu, Yu A former member of the Jiangsu Wushu Professional team. She attained the title of National Collegiate Taiji Champion in 1987. She graduated from the Beijing Physical Education University in 1989. She has served as a coach of the U.S.A. Wushu team in 1997, 1998, and 1999. She has been the chief judge at many U.S. national and international Wushu championships. She is a Seventh Level Black Belt in Wushu, awarded by the Chinese Wushu Institute. She currently teaches San Luis Obispo, California, U.S.A. See her photo demonstrations under Changquan, Jian, and Gou.

Liuhebafa Also known as Water Boxing. This is an Internal Style Wushu translated as Six Unities and Eight Principles. Legend has it, that it was created by Chen Bo of the Hua Mountains during the Song Dynasty. This style utilizes power similar to Xingyiquan as its center; utilizes the similar stepping patterns of Baguazhang for its turning and spinning; and utilizes the similar neutralizing power of Taijiquan for its variations. Its movements are sometimes high, sometimes low, sometimes fast, and sometimes slow. These movements resemble that of floating clouds and flowing water, in that they are sometimes calm and sometimes surging. This is why Liuhebafa is also known as Water Style. The movements of Liuhebafa are constantly fluctuating with clearly defined forward, backward, upward, downward, and lateral motions. Each and every movement is led by the mind . The mind initiates and the movements follow which is why it is also known as Xinyi Liuhebafa .

Liuhe refers to: the unity of the heart and the mind ; the unity of the mind and qi ; the unity of qi and shen ; the unity of shen and movement ; and the unity of movement and emptiness . Bafa refers to: circulating qi to gather the spirit ; condensing the power to the bones ; disguising the obvious and mimicking the shapes ; being flexible in strategy ; elevating into a state of emptiness ; continuous without stopping ; calm in protecting one's disadvantage ; and illusive in hiding one's advantage .

There are two Liuhebafa routines: Liuhebafaquan and the Sanpan Shiershi routine. The Liuhebafaquan consists of sixty-six postures including over five hundred martial applications. It is divided into two sections, and each section can be practiced as a routine. The Sanpan Shiershi routine is for foundation training; and includes advancing, retreating, rising, and lowering movements, which are designed to develop reaction skills for combat.

Because this style contains characteristics of Taijiquan, Baguazhang, and Xingyiquan, practitioners of the different lineages may practice Liuhebafa with the characteristics of either Taijiquan, Baguazhang, or Xingyiquan.

Figure L-3: Close the Door and Push the Moon Posture/Liang Shou-Yu

Figure L-4: Turn Over the River and Empty the Sea Posture /Liang Shihong

Figure L-5: Liuhebafa/Helen Liang

Figure L-6: Liuhebafa/Liang Shou-Yu

Figure L-7: Liuhebafa/Wu Wen-Ching

Liuhemen Translated as Six Harmony Style. This style has been around for over 400 years. It was already noted in the book, Jixiaoxinshu (, The New Book of Effective Discipline) by the Ming Dynasty General, Qi Jiguang . Liuhe refers to the six directions north, east, south, west, up, and down. It also refers to the unity of internal and external components. The three internal unities are: the heart and mind unite; yi and qi unite; and qi and shen unite. The three external unities are: upper arms and waist unite; the elbows and knees unite; and the shoulders and thighs unite. There are over eleven known barehanded routines, nineteen weapons routines, three sparring routines, and several hard Qigong methods for iron shirt training.

Figure L-10: Liuheqiang /Bill Chen

Liuhequan Translated as Six Harmony Fist. Liuhe refers to the focus of the six directions: east, west, north, south, up, and down; the unity of hands and eyes ; the unity of stepping and body movements ; and the unity of strategy and power delivery . Some the the known routines and training include: Tantui , Yingmenpao , Xinglongquan , Huagongquan , Xingquan , Liujiashi , Babuxingzou , Meihua Bian Silukaoda , Qishierba Qinna ( ), and many weapon and shuaijiao.

Figure L-8: Liuhequan/Francis Lau

Figure L-9: Group Liuhequqan/S.Y.L. Wushu Institute Students: Tana, Audrey, Jacob, Emily, Cynthia, Jacob, Bonnie, James, Sandy, Davis, Gabe, Gabe, and Kevin

Liujiaquan Translated as Liu Family Fist. This style was created by Liu Shen of Guangdong Province. Liu is also known as Liu Sanyan and Liu Qingshan . It is one of the popular Southern Styles in Guangdong.

Liuxingchui Translated as Comet Hammer. This is also referred to as feichui , flying hammer. It is classifed as a concealed weapon and it usually consists of a roped section with a heavy object tied to one end (Drawing L-1). It is used to wrap around an opponent to immobilize them and to strike opponent from a distance.

Lo, Ken Also known as Lo Shing Kwei. He is a prominent practitioner of Wumeipai in the U.S.. He is the disciple of Peng Hseih . He currently teaches at the Wu Mei Kung Fu Association in New York. More information about him and his school can be found at www.wumei.com. See his photo demonstration under Wumeipai.

Lo, Perry A many time gold, silver, and bronze medalist in U.S. and Canadian international Wushu competitions. He is a S.Y.L. Wushu Institute instructor. See his photo demonstrations under Xiandai Wushu and Wushu Sanshou Dao.

Long Fist see Changquan

Long River see Yangtze River

Longxingquan Translated as Dragon Style. This is an imitation type and a Southern Style. This style utilizes the legendary dragon characteristics in its movements and applications. It is popular in Hong Kong and Fujian Province. Some of the known routines include: Angfengpilan , Qichuibagan , Simen , Ershi-basu , and Taizao .

Figure L-11: Longxingquan/Zou Fu

Low, Ken The founder of the Western Canada Martial Arts Association. He is a prominent practitioner of many Wushu styles, the vice president of the Confederation of Canadian Wushu Organizations, and an advisor for the International Wushu Sanshou Dao Association. He was the leader for the Canadian National Wushu team. He has organized 21 annual West Coast Canadian-American Championships. He is one of the most significant Wushu contributors in Canada. He is the President of Wushu B.C. See his photo demonstrations under Baimeiquan, Hongjiaquan, and Mizongquan.

Lu, Biao A disciple of the Shaolin Temple. His Buddhist name is Xingbiao . He is a former member of the Henan Provincial Wushu team. He graduated from Wuhan Physical Education College ; is a board member of the International Shaolin Medical Study ; and has organized three International Shaolin Wushu Festivals . He currently teaches in San Gabriel, California, U.S.A. See his photo demonstration under Gun.

Lu, Fenglin A native of Shanghai City. He is an instructor at the China Grand View International Wushu Competition Center . He is known for his Liuhebafa, Wujiquan, Taijiquan, Baguazhang, and Yuejiaquan. He currently teaches in Los Angeles, California, U.S.A. See his photo demonstration under Xiliangquan.

Lu, Xiaoling A former member of the Sichuan Wushu team. She is a graduate of the Beijing Physical Education University and has a master's degree in Wushu. She has published several martial arts books and has won numerous gold medals in Chinese national Wushu competitions. She served as the coach of the U.S. Wushu team in 1993, 1995, and 1996. She is an International Wushu Forms Judge, certified by the International Wushu Federation, and is one of the significant contributors of Wushu in the United States. She is a Seventh Level Black Belt in Wushu, awarded by the Chinese Wushu Institute. See her photo demonstration under Emei Wushu.

Lu, Yuzhi A former instructor of the Shandong Qufu Athletic University . She has produced numerous instructional Wushu video tapes. She has been a judge at U.S. national and international Wushu competitions. She currently teaches in Albany, NY. See her photo demonstration under Nanquan.

Lulinpai Translated as the Green Forest Style. Legend has it, that Liu Zhong attempted to assassinate the Qing Emperor Yongzheng (, 1723-1735), but failed. Liu escaped to the Qingcheng Mountains and studied Wushu there. Later, he exchanged techniques with Wushu practitioners all over the country and absorbed the essence of different styles, and created Lulingpai.

Luo, Cindy A member of the Canadian Wushu team and is a Canadian national Wushu champion. In the 1999 World Wushu Championships held in Hong Kong, she attained seventh place in the compulsory saber category. In 2001, she was selected as a member of the Canadian National Wushu team to compete in the Sixth World Wushu Championships to be held in Armenia. See her photo demonstration under Xiandai Wushu.

Luo, Hongyuen He graduated from the Guangzhou Physical Education University in 1983. He is a former instructor at Huanan Teacher's University . He is the founder of Ji Hong Tai Chi College of Canada. He was one of the people instrumental in the formation of the Confederation of Canadian Wushu Organizations where he served as the Vice President for the first term. In 1999, he served as the Sanshou team manager of the Canadian Wushu team. In 2001, he was certifed by the International Wushu Federation as an International Wushu Forms Judge. See his photo demonstration under Taijiquan.

Luohanquan This is a type of Shaolin Wushu. The known routines include: Sishiba Luohan , Liushiba Luohan , and Yilingba Luohan .

Figure L-12: Shaolin Luhanquan/Shawn Liu

Luomen Translated as Luo Family Style. Legend has it, that during the end of the Sui Dynasty and the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, General Luo Yi and his son General Luo Cheng created this style. The style taught by Luo Yi was known as the large frame old Luomen. In addition to learning from his father, Luo Cheng also learned from his teacher, Hong Daoren . Luo Cheng later created the small frame new Luomen.

The characteristics of Luomen include the flavors of both Northern and Southern Style Wushu. There are seventeen known barehanded routines, fourteen weapon routines, and several training methods.

Lykins, Jeffrey He began his Wushu training in 1975 and has been studying from Wu Wen-Ching since 1999. He is an assistant instructor at The Way of the Dragon School; and he is an architect in Rhode Island. See his photo demonstrations under Baguazhang and Wushu Bingqi.

M

Maclean, Kelly A many time U.S. and Canadian national and international grandcham-pion in Internal Styles. She began studying Internal and External Style Wushu and Qigong from Liang Shou-Yu in 1988. She attained 6th place in the 1999 World Wushu Championships held in Hong Kong in the southern staff category, and three gold medals in the Sixth World Cup International Championship. She is the first non-Chinese decent person to be included in the book, China’s Contemporary Wushu Masters . She is an instructor at the S.Y.L. Wushu Institute and University of British Columbia in Vancouver, Canada and is the Tai Chi Chairperson of Wushu B.C. See her photo demonstrations under Emeici, Taijiquan, Xiandai Wushu, and Wushu Sanshou Dao.

Mak, Hin Fai A champion of many full contact competitions in Hong Kong. He is a protege of Koon Hung Lee. He currently teaches Cailifoquan in Seattle, Washington, U.S.A. See his photo demonstration under Cailifoquan.

Manshouquan Translated as Full Hand Fist. The origin of this style is unknown. There are fourteen known barehanded routines and one weapon routine known as Nanyangdao .

Mao A spear like weapon (Drawing M-1). It is basically the same as a spear with the exception of the metal tip. The metal tip is longer than the spear tip, and has a snake like shape.

Masich, Sam He has been training and teaching Internal Arts for over 20 years. In 1985, he began studying Taijiquan and other Internal and External Style Wushu with Liang Shou-Yu. He has also studied from Yang Jwing-Ming, Jou Tsung Hwa, Yang Zhenduo, Chen Xiaowang, and Chung Yam Man. He was many times a multiple gold medalist in national competitions. He was a member of the Canadian National Wushu team in 1985. He has been the Chief Referee in the U.S. All Taijiquan Championships since 1989. He currently teaches in Canada and travels around the world giving workshops. He has produced 14 instructional videos about Taijiquan, Qigong, Push Hands, and Xingyiquan. See his photo demonstrations under Taijiquan and Baguazhang.

May, Ryan He started his martial arts training with Kempo in 1993. He has been studying Wushu from Wu Wen-Ching since 1998. He is a way of the Dragon School assistant instructor. See his photo demonstrations under Baguazhang and Wushu Bingqi.

Mazloum, Naji He is a prominent medical doctor with a specialty in surgery. Currently Dr. Mazloum has his practice in the New England area. He started his martial arts training in 1970 with Karate, Judo, Aikido, Iaido, and Kenjiutsu. He began his Taijiquan, Xingyiquan, Baguazhang, and Qigong studies with Wu Wen-Ching in 1997. See his photo demonstration under Xingyiquan.

McKay, Gord He completed his Level One Taijiquan Instructor training at S.Y.L. Wushu Institute. See his photo demonstration under Wushu Sanshou Dao.

Means, Howard He started his Wushu training in 1994. He has been studying with Wu Wen-Ching since 1999; and is an assistant instructor at The Way of the Dragon School. See his photo demonstrations under Baguazhang and Wushu Sanshou Dao.

Meehan, J. Justin He is a St. Louis trial attorney. He is the Central State Missouri Representative of Feng Zhiqiang’s U.S.A. Taijiquan Academy under Zhang Xuexin. He is the President of the Chinese Internal Arts Center and Missouri Director of the Chinese Culture Society, and is a nationally recognized writer on the martial arts, especially Taijiquan. He is an advisor for the U.S.A. Wushu-Kung Fu Federation. He has studied the martial arts for 40 years and Taijiquan specifically for over 33 years. He has studied Qigong from Liang Shou-Yu for more than 10 years. More about him can be found at www.stltaiji.com. See his photo demonstration under Taijiquan.

Meihuaquan Translated as Palm Flower Fist. Legend has it, that Meihuaquan was created at the end of the Ming Dynasty and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty. There have been over 16 generations of this style. It is classified as Changquan. Its training is often done on posts partially buried in the ground in a palm flower pattern, thereby, the name Palm Flower Fist.

Meishiquan Translated as Mei Family Style. Legend has it, that this style was taught by a nun during the reign of the Qing Emperor, Guangxu , between 1875 and 1908. Since the nun’s last name was Mei, the style was named Meishiquan. This style focuses on the applications of the legs. There are eight known barehanded routines, three weapon routines, and a training method known as Shierliangongfa .

Meng, Xiantang One of the major representatives of Sunbinquan. He is a student of Sun Wenbin . He organized three Sunbingquan Wushu competitions in China. He is the author of Sunbinquan of China . See his photo demonstration under Sunbinquan.

Meridian Ax Couple see Yuanyangyue

Mianquan Translated as Cotton Fist. Practitioners of this style are required to attain a high level of flexibility. It is also known as Yanshou , referring to the characteristics of extending the arms during its applications. Their traditional routines include: Liujiashi and Bazhe .

Mianzhang Translated as Cotton Palm. This style primarily utilizes the palms in its applications. There are three known routines and many weapon training. Shisantaibaogong is one of their foundation training. This style is also known for its spear techniques.

Miaoquan This style focuses heavily on internal cultivation and sticking training. The known training includes: Sanshiliugong and Qishierfang . The known barehanded routines include: Simen , Dasimen , Xiaosimen , Kaisimen , Bisimen , and Zangshanzhuang . There are also many weapon routines.

Minghaiquan This is an Emei Style, created by a monk named Minghai . Minghai was a Shaolin Temple monk who migrated to Sichuan Province and studied Sichuan Wushu. Later, he combined Shaolin Wushu with the indigenous Sichuan Wushu and became Minghaiquan. There are seven known barehanded routines and two Pudao weapon routines.

Mizongquan Translated as Lost Track Style. Legend has it, that this style was created by Cheng Juxiao . Cheng’s maternal grandfather and mother were practitioners of Mizongyi . His maternal grandfather and his mother immigrated from northern China to Guangdong Province. Cheng learned from his grandfather and his mother and further developed his family style into Mizongquan. There are over thirty-six different basic routines referred to as Mizong Luohanquan .

Some people believe that Mizongquan and Yanqingquan came from the same origin. It is believed that they were taught by Sun Tong of Shandong Province during the reign of the Qing Emperor, Qianlong between 1736 and 1795. Sun taught his Wushu to the grandfather of Huo Yuanjia . This branch became known as Mizongquan. Another of Sun’s lineage was taught by Zhang Yaoting . Zhang’s branch became known as Yanqingquan.

Also see Yanqingquan.

Figure M-1: Mizong Luohanquan/Johnny Lee

Figure M-2: Mizong Luohanquan/Ken Low

Figure M-3: Mizong Luohanquan/Alex Kwok

Modern Wushu see Xiandai Wushu

Monkey Style see Houquan

Moquan Translated as Mo Family Fist. This style was created by a Buddhist Chan priest, Zhishan of the Fujian Shaolin Temple. It is a popular Southern Style in Guangdong Province. Some of the known routines include: Mojia Zhengzongquan , Zhuangquan , Sanzhi-bi , Suishou , Shuanlongchuhai , and Zhishiquan .

Mulanquan A derivative of Huatao Wuyi. This style was created by Ying Meifeng of Shanghai. It is an exercise that combines Wushu with modern calisthenics. It utilizes the yin-yang philosophy and Qigong breathing in its practice. It also utilizes appropriate music to assist the practitioner in achieving a tranquil state. This allows the body to attain a proper energetic balance to prevent illness, heal diseases, and attain longevity. There are six Mulanquan routines, including: two barehanded routines, one single fan routine, one single sword routine, one double fan routine, and one double sword routine.

Information provided by Zang Lijuan.

Figures M-4 and M-6: Mulanquan/Zang Lijuan

Figure M-5: Mulan Fan/Cheng Aiping

Figure M-7: Mulan Single Sword/Zang Lijuan

N

Nanquan Translated as Southern Style. Nanquan is not one particular style, but a classification of styles with their origin primarily south of the Yangtze River. Generally, all the Wushu styles originating in the southern provinces of China are considered Nanquan or Southern Style. We have introduced many of the Nanquan styles under their own heading. Here we will list the popular Nanquan styles in Southern Chinese provinces including those we have already introduced, as well as, many that we have not.

Guangdong Nanquan : Hongjiaquan , Caiquan , Liquan , Moquan , Cailifoquan , Huheshuanxing , Xiaquan , Yongchunquan , Baimeiquan , Nanzhiquan , Ruquan , Fojiaquan , Diajiaquan , Zhujiajiao , Yuejiajiao , Zhongjiajiao , and Kunlunquan .

Guangxi Nanquan : Zhoujiaquan , Tulongquan , Hongmen Fuhuquan , and Xiaocheda .

Fujian Nanquan : Nanshaolin Wuxingquan including Dragon, Tiger, Leopard, Snake, and Crane; Wuzuquan , Luohanquan , Meihuazhuang , Lianchengquan , Diquanquan , Yongjiafa , Wumeiquan , Shiquan , Houquan , Yufa , Jifa , Rufa , and Fangwuji .

Hunan Nanquan : Wujiaquan , Xuejiajiao , and Yuejiajiao .

Hubei Nanquan : Hongmen , Kongmenquan , Yuemenquan , Yumenquan , Sunmenquan , Wujiayi , Naimen , Fomen , Yinxianmen , Shuihumen , Zhengmen , Yanmen , and Xiongmen .

Sichuan Nanquan : Cengmen , Yuemen , Zhaomen , Dumen , Hongmen , Huamen , Zimen , and Huimen .

Jiangxi Nanquan : Sanshiliulu Songjiangquan .

Zhejiang Nanquan : Heihuquan , Jingangquan , Wenzhouquan , and Taizhaoquan .

There are also Suzhou Nanquan , Wuxi Nanquan , Shanghai Difanquan , and Changzhouquan . Among all these Nanquan styles, there are over one thousand barehanded and weapon routines.

Figure N-1: Hongjiaquan/Raymond Cheung

Figure N-2: Nanquan/Andrew Wu

Figure N-3: Dayanquan /Lu Yuzhi

Figure N-4: Competition Nanquan/Howie Leung

Figure N-5: Southern Saber/Santos Lee

Figure N-6: Fujian Hequan/Paul Hoover

Figure N-7: Nanquan/Kit Poon

Figure N-8: Southern Praying Mantis/Andrew Chung

Figure N-9: Nanquan/Rick Sue

Nanzhiquan Legend has it, that Nanzhiquan was created by Nanzhu , a monk from the Fujian Shaolin Temple. Nanzhi escaped from the Southern Shaolin Province after the temple was burned by the Qing army. Nanzhi escaped to Guangdong Province and taught his Wushu to his students. There are over twenty different barehanded and weapon routines.

Narrow Blade Sword see Jian

Naughton, Dianne A senior disciple of Pan Qingfu. She is a many time gold medalist in U.S. and Canadian international and national Wushu competitions. She has been featured with her teacher in numerous TV programs. She currently teaches in the Toronto area, Canada. See her photo demonstration under Ditangquan.

Nei Mongol Zizhiqu A autonomous region in northern China, also known as Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. It covers over 1.1 million square kilometers with a population of over 23 million people as of 1999.

Neijiaquan Translated as Internal Fist. Legend traces its origin back to Zhang Sanfeng . One of the predominant representatives of Neijiaquan was Zhang Songxi of the Qing Dynasty. Therefore, this style is also known as Songxi Neijiaquan to distinguish it from the generic term Neijiaquan, referring to all Internal Style Wushu. After Zhang Songxi, the prominent practitioners of this style included Ye Jimei , Dan Sinan , and Wang Zhengnan .

Neijiaquan A generic term referring to all Internal Style Wushu such as Taijiquan, Xingyiquan, Baguazhang, and Liuhebafa. It is a term used in contrast with Waijiaquan , External Style.

Nine Sectioned Chain see Bian

Ningxia Huizu Zizhiqu An autonomous region around central China which borders Shaanxi to its east and Inner Mogol to its north. It covers over 66 thousand square kilometers with a population of over 5 million people as of 1999.

Ng, Paul A 1985 Canadian National Wushu team member. He is a practitioner of Mizongquan. In the early 1980's, he began studying Internal and External Style Wushu from Liang Shou-Yu. In recent years, he began an in-depth study of Qigong and Taijiquan achieving high attainments. He currently teaches in Canada. See his photo demonstration under Taijiquan.

Ng, Sam He is the Vice-Chairman and Treasurer of the International Choy Lay Fut Kung Fu Federation of America. He is a fifth generation practitioner of Cailifoquan. He has been practicing Cailifoquan for over 29 years and has been teaching publicly for over 10 years. In 1997, he founded the Ng Family Chinese Martial Arts Association with his son, Philip Ng. He has been involved in both organizing and performing in numerous martial arts demonstrations in the Chicago area. See his photo demonstration under Cailifoquan.

Ngu, Augustin He is a prominent Baihequan practitioner in Canada with many schools in the Toronto, Canada area. He is a Sanshou judge certified by the International Wushu Federation. Currently, he is the President of the Canadian Guo Shu Federation; Chairman of the United Wushu Federation of Canada; President of the White Crane Kung Fu Society of Canada; and Kung Fu instructor of the Buddhist progress Society of Toronto. See his photo demonstration under Baihequan.

Nojiri, Yumi She was the 1997 all-around champion at A Taste of China Internal Wushu competition. She is a student of Kelly Maclean and Liang Shou-Yu. See her photo demonstration under Taijiquan.

Northern Shaolin Temple see Shaolin Temple

Northern Style see Beipai

O

Ott, Rudi A member of the U.S. Sanshou team participating in several world Wushu competitions. He is a many time U.S. national Sanshou competition gold medalist. He is a black belt in Sanshou Dao. He studied Xingyiquan and Dapeng Qigong from Liang Shou-Yu. He was a Sanshou instructor at S.Y.L. Wushu Institute. He is currently in the U.S. training Sanshou with Cung Le. See his photo demonstration under Wushu Sanshou Dao.

P

Pa Kua Chang see Baguazhang

Painter, John He was one of the first Americans to introduce Baguazhang to the West through his articles and video tapes. He began his training in 1957 under the tutelage of Li Longdao of Sichuan Province in the family style of Jiulong Baguazhang. He has a Ph.D. in naturopathic medicine. He is listed in the book, Who’s Who in the Chinese Martial Arts, Master, Founders, and Leaders of the Chinese Martial Arts. He was elected three times to the Inside Kung-Fu magazine Hall of Fame and is a member of the Texas Martial Arts Hall of Fame. He presently operates the Gompa Center, the oldest Chinese martial arts school in Texas and seven Baguazhang schools worldwide. See his photo demonstration under Baguazhang.

Pan, Qingfu A prominent international Wushu practitioner. His nickname is Iron Fist. He was the former Wushu coach for the Liaoning Provincial Wushu team , for the Shenyang Physical Education Institute , for the Hunan Provincial Wushu team , for the Tianjin City Wushu team , and the head coach of the China Wushu Good Will team . He was awarded one of the "Pioneers in the Development of Sports in New China ". He has starred in many Wushu movies. He has been the referee general for Canadian national and Pan American Wushu Championships. He is a honorary chairman and honorary head coach of the Confederation of Canadian Wushu Organizations. He currently teaches in Toronto, Canada. See his photo demonstrations under Jian and Qiang.

Panpomen This is a style that originated in Sichuan Province. It is popular in the eastern and southern parts of Sichuan. Their stances are generally high; hand movements are small, but constantly changing; kicks are low and fast; and steps are quick and agile. There are sixty-six known barehanded routines, sixteen weapon routines, two sparring routines, and thirteen training methods.

Paochui Translated as Cannon Hammer. Pauchui is also known as Sanhuang Paochui . Sanhuang refers to the ancient emperors of China: Fuxi , Shennon , and Huangdi , implying the ancient nature of the style. Paochui refers to the cannon like power of the style. Pauchui can be traced back to the Song Mountain Shaolin Temple. It was taught by the Shaolin monk, Pu Zao to Gan Fengchi , and to other students. There are over 9 generations in the Pauchui lineage. Paochui is classified as Changquan.

Peng, Youlian He is a graduate from the Department of Physical Education at Beijing Teacher's University. He is the President of the Peng You Taijiquan Association; Chairman of the Thunder Bay International Tai Chi Festival; and the Chief Taiji Instructor of the Thunder Bay 55 Plus Centre. He is the recipient of the 2001 Best Chinese Canadian Entrepreneurs Award; and the Best Community Service Award. See his photo demonstration under Taijiquan.

Piguaquan Translated as Splitting and Hooking Fist. Legend has it, that this style was created by Zuo Baohai , a Shaolin monk. Some believe that it was created by Li Linbiao of the Hebei Province. It is believed that this style has existed since the Ming Dynasty. Towards the end of the Qing Dynasty, Pan Wenxue was known to have taught this style.

Piguaquan uses both short and long range applications. It utilizes the waist and back as the pivot point to turn the body from side to side. The arms and hands are trained until they are fast like falling "rain drops" in a storm, for a continuous attack. It is also known as Tongbei Piquaquan.

In its movements, the arms are relaxed and swift with power connected throughout the body, and the chopping power, like an explosion going off. It emanates the soft-hard characteristic. Piquaquan emphasizes the chest’s opening and closing movements, the turning of the waist, along with the swinging of the arms; to attain large opening and closing applications.

Figure P-1: Piguaquan/Gao Xian

Figure P-2: Piguaquan/Michael Li

Figure P-3: Piguaquan/Tjhie Wie Hong

Figure P-4: Fengmogun /Michael Li

Pole see Gun

Poon, Kit He is a student of Lu Hongyuen and Gu Daijuan. He has been a gold medalist many times in Wushu competitions. In 2001, he was selected as a member of the Canadian National team to compete in the Sixth World Wushu Championships to be held in Armenia. See his photo demonstration under Nanquan.

Praying Mantis Style see Tanglangquan

Pyne, William He began his Wushu training with Wu Wen-Ching in 1992. He is an instructor at The Way of the Dragon School; and is a data base programer and computer consultant. See his photo demonstration under Wushu Bingqi.

Q

Qi 1. Energy. 2. Breath. 3. The intrinsic substance that makes up the cosmos. 4. In traditional Chinese Medicine, it refers to the intrinsic substance that flows in the human body and is the impelling force for all living activities. 5. In Wushu, it is the component of internal strength developed by the practitioner for accomplishing what seems to be incredible tasks.

Qi, Ke Bao (1944-) A graduate of Anhui College of Traditional Chinese Medicine . He has been practicing Wushu since a young age. He is a disciple of Wu Chongguang , a sixth generation practitioner of Yang Style Taijiquan, and a practitioner of Baguazhang and Chuojiao. He is also a successor of Feng Jinsheng from the Chinese Daoist Hunyuanpai lineage. He currently has his healing practice and teaches Taijiquan in Columbia, South America. See his photo demonstration under Xiyangzhang.

Qiang A spear (Drawing Q-1). It is known as the king of all weapons . The basic applications of qiang are lan , a parrying movement to the outside; na , a controlling movement to the inside; and zha , a spearing forward movement. Qiang movements are often described as "qiang zha yitiaoxian ", meaning that the movements are even, straight, and fast. It is said that a straight spearing movement is the ultimate movement in spear maneuvers because it is the hardest to defend when going straight for the center of an opponent.

There are many different types of qiang including: Daqiang , Biaoqiang , Huaqiang , Biqiang , Zhuaqiang , Shuangtouqiang (, Drawing Q-2), Shuangtou Shuangqiang , Goulianqiang (, Drawing Q-3), Qurenqiang , Huanziqiang , Guiziqiang , Huntieqiang , Longtouqiang , Longdaoqiaong (, Drawing Q-4), Huyaqiang , Dangouqiang , Shuangouqiang , Liuyeqiang , and Jumaqiang .

The well-known traditional spear routines include: Luojiaqiang , Yangjiaqiang , Yuejiaqiang , Liuheqiang , Zilongqiang , Dalihuaqiang , and Emeiqiang . All these teachings were the result of legendary qiang practitioners.

Figure Q-1: Carrying the Spear/Pan Qingfu

Figure Q-2: Spear vs Saber/Xie Qingcai and Tan Shunlu

Figures Q-3 and Q-4: Double Headed Spear/Candice Wong

Qigong 1. Any set of breathing and energy circulation techniques that are capable of improving health, preventing illness, strengthening the body, and for spiritual development. 2. The attainment of qi.

There are many different types of Qigong. They include: Medical, Taoist, Buddhist, and Wushu Qigong. Please refer to the book, Qigong Empowerment for more information about the different types of Qigong.

Figure Q-5: Taiji Walking Qigong/Xu Junheng

Figure Q-6: Five Animal Frolics/John Du Cane

Qingchengbuqimen This style was created by Lin Xiao during the reign of the Qing Emperor, Qianlong between 1736 and 1795. Lin was a royal palace bodyguard. This style absorbed the essence of Shaolin, Emei, and Wudang Wushu. It is popular in Sichuan, Shanxi, Yunnan Province, etc. The known routines include: Yinyang Lianhuanquan , Bagua Jiugongquan , Chaoyangquan , Huxiaoquan , Yingzhaoquan , Rouyinquan , Hudiezhang , Bianfushou , Yuanyantui , and Yinyang Taiji . This style also has many weapon, Qinna, cavity press, fast take down, hidden weapon, hard Qigong, Sanshou, and life nourishing training.

Qingchengpai Translated as Qingchen Mountain Styles. This is a term referring to the styles originated from the Qingcheng Mountains . The known barehanded routines include: Qingcheng Hongquan , Liuhe Sanshou , Qingcheng Baguazhang , Gubajiquan , Xuanmen Jiushi , and Erlu Hongquan . The known weapon routines include: Qixingjian , Baxianjian , Qingchengjian , Zimugun , Daqinglongdao , and Qiankunquan . Training methods include: Jianshen Yanshougong and Liuhe Neigong .

Qinghai Province A Chinese province which borders Gansu to its north, and Sichuan and Tibet to its south. It covers over 721 thousand square kilometers with a population of over 5 million people as of 1999.

Qinglongquan Translated as Green Dragon Fist. This style focuses on the application of the palms and fingers. These movements are described to look like a swimming dragon. Thereby, the name Qinglongquan was coined. There are three known barehanded routines and several weapon routines.

Quan Refers to any ring shaped weapon. Many of these weapons consist of sharp edges and sharp protrusions, such as, the Qiankunquan and the Fenghuolun (, Drawing Q-5). They are usually handheld weapons, but can also be used as throwing weapons.

Figure Q-7: Double Quan/He Weiqi

Figure Q-8: Wind and Fire Wheels/Steve Sun

R

Ren, Guang Yi He is the president of the International Chen Style Taijiquan Association. He represented Chen Village in the International Taiji Push Hands Competition and attained the gold medal in the heavyweight division. He is a disciple of Cheng Xiao-Wang . More about him and his school can be found at www.chentaijiquan.com. See his photo demonstration under Taijiquan.

Renjiajiao Translated as Ren Family Teaching. It is also known as Renmenquan . This style was passed down by Ren Sizhen , a Qing Dynasty officer of the Sichuan area. Ren utilized his understanding of Sunzi’s Art of War and the Yijing , and combined it with several martial styles, to create this style. The known routines include: Jinjiduli and Qiufengsaoluoye Saber routine.

Renmenquan see Renjiajiao

Rope Dart see Shengbiao

Ricci, Bedry He is an exceptional practitioner of Ninjutsu, Karate, Qinna, and Sanshou. See his photo demonstration under Wushu Sanshou Dao.

Rice, Pat She is the Director of A Taste of China. She has organized over 18 national Taijiquan and other internal arts competitions. She is one of the most significant figures in the promotion of Taijiquan in the United States. She currently teaches in Virginia, U.S.A. See her photo demonstration under Taijiquan.

Ritchie, David He began his martial arts training in 1969 and he has been practicing Taijiquan since 1973. He has studied from prominent practitioners from both Asia and the U.S. He is the owner and director of Central Connecticut Tai Chi Chuan in Meriden, Connecticut where he teaches Taijiquan, weapons, and Qigong. He is also an Assistant Professor at Quinnipiac University in Hamden, Connecticut. See his photo demonstration under Taijiquan.

Ross, Robert He began his martial arts training with Kempo in 1980 and has been studying Wushu and Qigong since 1992 from Wu Wen-Ching. He is an instructor at the Way of the Dragon School and also teaches Taijiquan and Qigong in the New England area. He is a black belt in Wushu Sanshou Dao. See his photo demonstrations under Taijiquan and Baguazhang.

S

Saber Usually refers to a short handled dao. Also see Dao.

Sai see Cha

Sanhuang Paochui see Paochui

Sanjiegun see Gun

Sengmen Translated as Monastery Style. This is one of the most well-known Emei Styles. Emei region of China is a Buddhist utopia filled with temples. Thereby, the name Sengmen was coined. Legend has it, that this style was based on Shaolin Wushu. After the Shaolin Wushu migrated to the Emei Mountains, it gradually developed into what is known as Sengmen. This style focuses on Qinna and short range applications. There are over forty known barehanded routines and over twenty weapon routines and many training methods.

Sengmen training routines include: Huolongquan , Lianbuquan , Dalianhuanquan , Hubaoquan , and Liutongquan .

Shan A fan. Weapon grade fans (Drawing S-1) are commonly made with metal spokes. Fans are used singularly or as a pair. Well-known fan routines include: Xiaoyaoshan , Taijishan , Baiyishushenshan , Luohandapushan , and Mulanshan .

Figure S-1: Taiji Double Fan/Helen Wu

Figure S-2: Xiaoyaoshan /Helen Liang

Shandong Province A Chinese province located around the lower part of the Yellow River. The eastern part of Shandong is a peninsula extending into the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea. It covers 153 thousand square kilometers with a population of over 88 million people as of 1999.

Shandongjiao Translated as Shandong Teaching. Legend has it, that it was created by General Qin Shubao in the beginning of the Tang Dynasty (618-907). Qin was a hero to the Tang empire who helped the Tang emperor defeat the Sui Dynasty. There are five known routines in this style.

Figure S-3: Shandongjiao Saber/Jiang Jianye

Shanghai City One of China’s four municipalities that is under the direct jurisdiction of the central government. It is a port city located at the mouth of the Yangtze River in the eastern part of China. It covers over 6 thousand square kilometer with a population of over 14 million people as of 1999.

Shaanxi Province A Chinese province located in the middle of continental China. It is intentionally romanized with a double "a" to distinguish it from Shanxi Province. It is located above the midpoint of the Yellow River, with the river at most of its eastern and southern provincial border. It borders Hebei to its east. It covers over 205 thousand square kilometers with a population of over 35 million people as of 1999.

Shanxi Province A Chinese province located at the midpoint and north of the Yellow River. It borders Shandong to its east and Shaanxi to its west. It covers over 156 thousand square kilometers with a population of over 31 million people as of 1999.

Shaolin Huimen This style was created by the Henan Shaolin priest, Huang Fazhuang . There are four barehanded routines, one crutch routine, and eight application training methods.

Shaolin Temple A Buddhist temple located in Henan Province. It is also referred to as the Songshan Shaolin Temple. Songshan is the specific location where the temple was actually built. It was built in the year 495 A.D. during the height of Buddhism. A Buddhist priest, Batuo, came to preach Buddhism in China. He was warmly received by the emperor of China. The emperor built the Shaolin Temple as a place for Batuo to teach Buddhism. In the year 527, another Buddhist priest came to China. His name was Damo. Legend has it, that Damo meditated in a cave for nine years and popularized Buddhism in China. The Shaolin Temple is not only known for its Buddhist teachings, but it is also known for its Kung Fu.

During the course of history, Shaolin martial monks assisted the leaders of the empire in solidifying their control of the empire. This was especially significant during the Tang Dynasty, when thirteen martial monks assisted the Tangtaizong Emperor, Li Shimin , in solidifying his control of the empire by defeating the tyrannical Wang Sichong of the Sui Dynasty. From then on, the Shaolin martial ability was known throughout the empire. As time went on, Shaolin monks continued to refine their martial skills, while absorbing skills from Wushu practitioners that sought refuge at the temple.

There are many other Shaolin Temples in China. They include the Fujian Shaolin Temple, Shanxi Shaolin Temple, Hebei Shaolin Temple, Luoyang Shaolin Temple, and Changan Shaolin Temple. The Henan Shaolin Temple is the original Shaolin Temple and is also referred to as the Northern Shaolin Temple. The Fujian Shaolin Temple is also known as the Southern Shaolin Temple.

Shaolin Wuquan Legend has it, that this style was created by the prominent Yuan Dynasty (1260-1368) Shaolin Wushu practitioner, Bai Yufeng . He imitated the movements of the dragon, tiger, leopard, snake, and crane; and created this style. He believed in training the five components of the body: the essence, strength, energy, bones, and spirit, to attain a high level. Therefore, the characteristics of this style are to use the dragon routine to train the spirit; the tiger routine to train the bones; the leopard routine to train for strength; the snake routine to train the energy; and the crane routine to train the essence.

Figure S-4: Shaolin Dragon Fist/Shawn Liu

Shaolin Wushu A term referring to all the styles of Wushu that can trace their origin back to the Song Mountain Shaolin Temple. It is one of the oldest and most well-known Chinese martial arts systems. It is also one of the most influential Chinese martial arts that has had the greatest impact in the world today.

For lack of a better choice and to honor Bodhidharma, the father of Chinese Chan, later generations gave Bodhidharma credit for the martial arts originating from the Shaolin Temple. Today, it is generally believed that Shaolin martial arts were the result of the many martial artists who sought spiritual sanctuary and martial skills, throughout the history of the Shaolin Temple, and who in turn shared their martial arts with the monks. Over the centuries Shaolin martial arts and other styles have mutually influenced and benefited each other.

Shaolin Wushu is further divided into Northern Shaolin and Southern Shaolin styles. Northern Shaolin refers to the styles that can trace their origins to the Song Mountain Shaolin Temple in the Henan Province. Southern Shaolin refers to the styles that can trace their origins to the Jiulian Mountain in the Fujian Province. Both Northern and Southern Shaolin Wushu styles have spread all over the world today.

Figure S-5: Southern Shaolin Wushu/Hu Jianqiang

Figure S-6: Dahongquan /Wu Wen-Ching

Figure S-7: Gunshu/Barry Farrands

Figure S-8: Quanshu/Sam Carroll

Shaolin Xingyi Liuhe Translated as Shape-Intent Six Harmony of Shaolin. This is a derivative of Shaolin Wushu. It is practiced in Hunan, Jiangxi, and Sichuan Provinces. This style was based on the jumping, flying, nesting, and hunting characteristics of animals. It focuses on the unity of the internal jing , qi , and shen ; as well as, the unity of the external hands, eyes, and body movements. There are two known barehanded routines, one Lianhuanziwu Panlonggun weapon routine, and three training methods.

Shape and Intent Fist see Xingyiquan

Shenda Translated as Spiritual Strike. There are many Shenda branches including: Maoshan , Fo , Dao , and Qirijiao . Shenda was popular for several decades in China after the failed revolt by the Yihetuan during the Boxer’s Rebellion in China. Shenda relies heavily on chanting to increase the ability and strength of its practitioners.

In the year 1900, Yihetuan was the Chinese organization that led an unsuccessful uprising against foreign powers and foreigners in China. As a result, China was forced to make economic and territorial concessions.

Shengbiao Translated as Rope Dart. It is classified as both a flexible weapon and as a concealed weapon. It usually consists of a roped section with a sharp dart tied to one end (Drawing S-2). It is used to wrap around an opponent to immobilize them or to strike an opponent from a distance.

Figure S-9: Rope Dart/Narcyz Latecki

Shenmenquan An Emei Style. It is also known as Jinjiaquan or Jin Family Teaching. There are over ten known barehanded and weapon routines, including Daluandao .

Shequan Translated as Snake Fist. Shequan routines are based on the movements of a snake. It is part of some Shaolin and Emei styles.

Figure S-10: Green Dragon Leaves Its Hole Posture/Maria Liang

Figure S-11: White Snake Spits Its Tongue Posture/Helen Liang

Figure S-12: Shandong Shequan/Jiang Jianye

Short Staff see Gun

Shuo There are many different variations of shuo. Generally, it consists of a pole and attached at one end of the pole is a heavy object with multiple spikes or sharp blades. The most well-known weapon of this type is the Lanyabang (, Drawing S-3), or the Wolf Tooth Pole.

Sichuan Huimen This style utilizes the Five Elements to name its routines. The keys to this style are: tun , tu , feng , hua , and tie . There are ten barehanded routines and six application training methods.

Sichuan Lijiaquan Translated as Li Family Style of Sichuan. This style originated from the Gaozui Mountain area of Sichuan Province. Their routines are usually short with low stances. There are six known barehanded routines, three weapon routines, and two training methods. Since the Qianlong era of the Qing Dynasty, there have been over eight generations of practitioners.

Sichuan Province A Chinese province located upstream of the Yangtze River which borders Tibet to its west and Hubei to its east. It covers over 560 thousand square kilometers with a population of over 84 million people as of 1999.

Sichuan Ziranmen Translated as Natural Style of Sichuan. Legend has it, that in the Sichuan Nanchong area there were two families, the Tang and the Liu families, who were in constant conflict for land. Sichuan Ziranmen was the result of the Tang family’s struggle with the Liu family. There are two known routines in this style.

Sigman, Mike He is a prominent Internal Style instructor in the U.S. He has over thirty-six years of experience in several styles of martial arts, including Judo, Okinawan Karate, Aikido, Taijiquan, Xingyiquan, and Baguazhang. He has written many magazine articles and has officiated at many national and international competitions. He is well-known in North America and Europe for his Internal Strength workshops. See his photo demonstrations under Dao and Wushu Sanshou Dao.

Simpson, Jacob He completed his Level One Taijiquan Instructor training at S.Y.L. Wushu Institute. See his photo demonstration under Wushu Sanshou Dao.

Sinclair, Ian A many time Taijiquan and Push Hands gold medalist in West Coast U.S. and Canadian Wushu competitions. He completed his Level Two Taijiquan Instructor training at S.Y.L. Wushu Institute. He currently teaches in Canada. See his photo demonstrations under Taijiquan and Wuji Xiaoyaopai.

Sit, Chun Man (1950-) He has been practicing Wushu for over 30 years. He is a prominent practitioner of Wu Style Taijiquan and Taixuquan. He has written numerous articles on applications, power development, and Taiji Sword. See his photo demonstration under Taixuquan.

Six Unities and Eight Principles see Liuhebafa

Songxi Neijiaquan see Neijiaquan

Southern Shaolin Temple see Shaolin Temple

Southern Style see Nanquan

Spear see Qiang

Spence, Peter He is a First Degree Black Belt in Wado Karate and a Wushu practitioner. See his photo demonstration under Wushu Sanshou Dao.

Staff see Gun

Sue, Rick H.Y. He is the Vice President of the United Wushu Federation and a District Chairman of the United Wushu Association of Ontario. He was a gold medalist at the 1990 Canadian Kung Fu Championships, 1991 World Martial Arts Championships, and 1992 Canadian Kung Fu Championships. See his photo demonstration under Nanquan.

Sujiajiao Translated as Su Family Teaching. This style was created by Su Caifeng during the Ming Dynasty. There are over thirty-one known barehanded routines, fourteen weapon routines, and thirteen training methods.

Sun, Jie A former member of the Beijing University Wushu Sanshou team. He is a student of Shou-Yu Liang. He is a practitioner of Wuji Xiaoyaopai, Liuhebafa, Dapeng Qigong, and several other Internal and External Styles of Wushu. He was also a Chinese consul stationed in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. See his photo demonstration under Wuji Xiaoyaopai.

Sun, Steve L. He is a 31st generation disciple of the Henan Shaolin Temple. He began his Wushu training under the guidance of his father and many other teachers at age ten. He is a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania with a Ph.D. in Civil and Environmental Engineering. He the author of the Tai Chi Wind and Fire Wheels, and Advanced Tai Chi Chuan Wind and Fire Wheels. In 1999, he was inducted into the U.S.A.W.K.F. Hall of Fame. In September 1999, he received the "World Outstanding Achievement in Martial Arts Golden Award" from the International Martial Arts Kung-Fu Federation, U.S.A. In 2000, he received the Life Time Achievement Award from the U.S.A.W.K.F.. He currently teaches in Pennsylvania, USA. See his photo demonstration under Quan.

Sunbinquan Legend has it, that this style was created by Sun Bin during the Spring-Autumn and Warring Kingdoms era. Sun Bin was the descendent of Sun Wu , the greatest military strategist in ancient China. Sun Wu, also known as Sunzi , wrote the Sunzi’s Art of War or Sunzi Binfa . Sunzi Binfa consists of thirteen chapters. It is considered one of the greatest military strategy books in the world.

After studying his family Wushu, Sun Wu studied under the hermit, Guiguzi to further his Wushu and military understanding. Historical records indicate that Sun Bin wrote over 39 chapters on the art of war. Sunbinquan became popular towards the end of the Qing Dynasty. Whether or not, it was actually created by Sun Bin is unknown. However, the style did contain a lot of Sun Bin’s military thinking.

In the past, practitioners of Sunbinquan wore long sleeves that extended towards their fingers when they trained. Therefore, it was also known as Changxiuquan , meaning long sleeved style. There are over fourteen known routines in this style.

Figure S-13: Sunbingquan/Meng Xiantang

Sunmenquan Translated as Sun Family Fist. Legend has it, that this style was based on the Southern Shaolin of Fujian Province. It was created by Sun Chunan of Sichuan Province. Sun absorbed the essence of several styles plus his personal experience and characteristics, to create this style. This style includes mostly arm strikes and very little kicks, relying on short range applications in combat. There are over twenty known barehanded and weapon routines. It is classified as an Emei Style.

Sunzi Bingfa A military strategy book written by Sunzi during the Spring-Autumn (722-481 B.C.). It is considered one of the greatest strategy books ever written.

Sunzi’s Art of War see Sunzi Bingfa

Sword see Jian

T

Tae Kwon Do A Korean system of martial arts that combined the Tang Dynasty’s Shaolin Wushu with native Korean martial arts. It was officially named Tae Kwon Do between 1955-1957. Tae Kwon Do became an Olympic Exhibition event in 1988 and officially became an Olympic medal event in the 2000 Olympics.

Tai Chi Chuan see Taijiquan

Taijiquan An Internal Style Wushu, also romanized as Tai Chi Chuan, and translated as the Grand Ultimate Fist. This is one of the most influential Wushu styles in the world today. There are participants of Taijiquan in over 100 nations throughout the world today. The five major traditional Taijiquan styles include: Chen Style , Yang Style , Wu Style , W’u Style also known as Hao Style , and Sun Style .

Legend has it, that a Daoist priest, Zhang Sanfeng of the Northern Song Dynasty (960-1126 A.D.) created Taijiquan after observing a fight between a crane and a snake. The theoretical foundation of Taijiquan is based on the ancient Yin-Yang philosophy.

Martial arts historians today believe that the movements in Taijiquan originated from Chen Wangting (?-1719). Many people now believe that Chen Wangting combined the Martial Classics in Thirty-Two Postures with the Taoist Yellow Court Classic to become what is known as Taijiquan today.

In Taijiquan practice, physical symmetry and balance are accomplished with condensing and extending movements. These movements are enhanced with the regulation of your mind and deep relaxed breathing to attain internal energetic symmetry. It has been proven, by the test of time, to be an effective life prolonging, nourishing, healing, and rejuvenating exercise. The practice of Taijiquan also increases mental awareness and centering, develops coordination, and builds good habits for proper body alignment. The benefits from Taijiquan practice have been realized by millions of people all over the world. Today, Taijiquan is still trained as a martial art by countless practitioners, but it is also a well-known healing art practiced all over the world.

In addition to the above five styles there are also many other Taijiquan routines known today. They include: Sanfeng Taiji, Wudang Taiji, Songxi Taiji, Yang Style Small Frame Taiji, W’u Style Fast Routine, Taiji Cotton Fist , Simplified Taijiquan , Simplified Wu Taijiquan, Simplified Sun Taijiquan, Simplified Chen Taijiquan, 48 Posture Taijiquan, 88 Posture Taijiquan, 42 Posture International Competition Routine , Zhengzi Taiji , and Daoist Taiji in Canada, and many others.

Figure T-1: Yang Style Single Whip/Yang Zhenduo

Figure T-2: Chen Style Taijiquan/Chen Xiaowang (photo supplied by Justin Meehan)

Figure T-3: Yang Style Taijiquan/Fu Zhongwen

Figure T-4: Chen Style Taijiquan/Zhu Tian Cai

Figure T-5: Chen Style Taiji/Zhang Xuexin (photo supplied by Justin Meehan)

Figure T-6: Wu Style Taijiquan/Eddie Wu

Figures T-7 and T-9: Chen Style Taijiquan Small Frame/Chang Chung-Jen

Figure T-8: Yang Style Taijiquan/Pat Rice

Figure T-10: Yang Style Taijiquan/Yang Chengfu

Figures T-11, T-12, and T-13: Yang Style Taijiquan/Yang Zhenduo

Figure T-14: W’u Style Taijiquan/Luo Hongyuen

Figure T-15: Taiji Single Fan/Helen Wu

Figure T-16: Wu Style Taiji Sword/Yu Wen Mei

Figure T-17: Yang Style Taijiquan Fast Routine—Playing the Lute/Huang Wei-Lun

Figure T-18: Sun Style Taijiquan/Cheng Aiping

Figure T-19: Yang Style Taijiquan/Herb Goldberg

Figure T-20: Zhengzi Taijiquan/David Ritchie

Figure T-21: Taiji Spear/Daniel Y. Wang

Figure T-22: Wu Style Taijiquan/Yumi Nojiri

Figure T-23: Chen Style Taijiquan/Cheng Aiping

Figure T-24: Yang Style Small Frame/Daniel Y. Wang

Figure T-25: Yang Style Taijiquan and Sword/Yang Zhenduo and Yang Jun

Figure T-26: Taiji Double Fan/Helen Wu

Figure T-27: Wu Style Taijiquan/Yu Wen Mei

Figure T-28: Wu Style Competition Taijiquan/Kelly Maclean

Figure T-29: Chen Style Kick/Yang Yang (photo by David Riecks, www.riecks.com)

Figure T-30: Taiji Saber/Gu Daijuan

Figure T-31: Chen Style Taiji Saber/Ren Guang Yi

Figure T-32: Yang Style Taijiquan/Peng Youlian

Figure T-33: 42 Posture Taijiquan/Hong Yijiao

Figure T-34: 48 Posture Taijiquan/Kelly Maclean

Figure T-35: Yang Style Push Hands/Liang Shou-Yu & Wen-Ching Wu

Figure T-36: Chen Style Taijiquan Push Hands/Zhu Tian Cai & Ren Guang Yi

Figure T-37: Chen Style Taiji Push Hands/Zhang Xuexin & Justin Meehan (photo supplied by Justin Meehan)

Figure T-38: Taiji Push Hands/ Liang Shou-Yu (R) & Li Enjiu (L)

Figure T-39: Wu Style Peng Lu Ji An Push Hands/Ian Sinclair and Calvin Keele.

Figure T-40: Taiji Push Hands and rooting training/Liang Shou-Yu and Wu Wen-Ching

Figure T-41: Taiji Sanshou/Frank Whitsitt-Lynch (R) and Robert Ross (L)

Figure T-42: Official Push Hands Competition/Ian Sinclair, referee

Figure T-43: Taiji Flexibility Push Hands/Sam Masich and Chang Chung-Jen

Figure T-44: Taiji Push Hands/Paul Ng and student

Figures T-45, T-46, and T-47: Yang Style Taijiquan—Snake Creeps Down Posture/Huang Wei-Lun

Figure T-48: Taiji Push Hands/Fu Zhongwen & He Weiqi

Figure T-49: Taiji Practice/He Fusheng & He Weiqi

Figure T-50: Taiji Pengjin Demonstration/Liang Shou-Yu & students

Figure T-51: Taiji Push Hands Individual Drill/Sam Masich

Figure T-52: Group Chen Style Taijiquan/S.Y.L. Wushu Institute Students: Simon, Chris, Charles, Itamar, Hal, Michael, Bob, Jimmy, Rein, Vasara, Paula, Virginia, James, Jason, Michael, Nelson, Jacob, Ken, Gordon, Brigitte, Mary Lynn, Kelly, Joan, and David

Figure T-53: Group Push Hands/S.Y.L. Wushu Institute Students

Taiwan Province A Chinese island province located about 100 kilometers off the coast of Fujian Province. It covers over 36 thousand square kilometers with a population of over 22 million people as of 1999.

Taixuquan Translated as the Ultimate Void Fist. It was created by Wu Rongyu during the Qing Dynasty and was based on the Taixu , Taiji , Sancai , Sixiang , Wu-yun , Liuqi , Bagua , and Tuwen-luoshu philosophies.

*Wu Rongyu was a merchant from Guandong during the 1800’s. He traveled to Bejing to sell herbs. During a chance meeting, he sold his herbal formula to the then royal uncle of the emperor. This chance meeting also landed him royal treatment at the residence of the royal uncle. As a token of appreciation, the royal uncle’s teacher taught Wu Rongyu his family style. Taixuquan continued for four generations in the Wu family. In the 1930’s, the fourth generation descendent, Wu Xuepo , broke the tradition and taught outside of his family when his own son didn’t want to learn Taixuquan.

*Information supplied by Sit Chun Man.

Figure T-54: Taixuquan/Sit Chun Man

Taizuquan Translated as Grand Ancestor Fist. Legend has it, that this style was created by Emperor Zhao Kuangyin of the Northern Song Dynasty who reigned between 960 and 975. Taizuquan was recorded in the book, Jixiaoxinshu by Qi Jiguang in the Ming Dynasty. Taizuquan focuses on the five key words: gang , meng , jin , wen , and xiao .

Figures T-55 and T-56: Taizuquan/Zhang Zhi Bin

Figure T-57: Taizuquan/Benson Xiao

Tang, Alan A member of the Canadian Wushu team. He has been an all-around champion in the compulsory categories during Canadian national Wushu competitions many times. He was the all-around champion three times at the Pan American Wushu championships. He has many times been the bronze medalist and in the top six places at World Wushu Championships. In 2001, he was selected as a member of the Canadian National Wushu team to compete in the Sixth World Wushu Championships to be held in Armenia. See his photo demonstration under Xiandai Wushu.

Tang, Sunny The First Vice President of the Confederation of Canadian Wushu Organizations; Vice President of the Pan American Wushu Federation (P.A.W.F.); Director and Organizer of the East Coast Canadian National and Pan American Wushu championships. He currently teaches in Toronto, Canada. See his photo demonstrations under Yongchunquan and Dao.

Tanglangquan Translated as Praying Mantis Style. This is an imitation style mimicking the movements of a mantis. Legend has it, that Wang Lang created this style in the later part of the Ming Dynasty into the beginning of the Qing Dynasty. In the legend, after Wang Lang completed his training in the Shaolin Temple, he went to travel around the country. One day as he was wandering in the country, he met a martial artist named Dan Tong who had long arms. They sparred for three days and three nights. Wang Lang was unable to touch Dan Tong. As Wang Lang was resting under a tree and contemplating a strategy to win the match, he observed a preying mantis on the grass.

Wang Lang poked the mantis with a long stem of grass. The mantis was able to evade the stem by turning its head and deflecting the stem with its leg. Even though the stem was long, the mantis was able to skillfully neutralize the attack. From his observation, Wang Lang figured out a way to use his shorter range application against the longer range of Dan Tong, and successfully defeated Dan Tong.

Wang Lang took the mantis back to the Shaolin Temple and tested it with the grass stem to observe and imitate its movements. After a few months, he understood and learned the many characteristics of the mantis. On another day as he was practicing the mantis movements, an ape took the clothes that he left on a branch. He chased the ape. Every time he got close to the ape, the ape was able to maneuver out of his grab. As he came close to grabbing the ape, again the ape, was able to get away. After several hours, the ape gave up and put his clothes down and went away. Wang Lang was dumfounded. He thought that he was fast and good in martial arts, yet he was unable to catch the ape. He observed the angles of the tracks made by the apes, he practiced them daily, and attained the agility of the ape’s maneuvers. He then combined the mantis movements with the ape’s stepping pattern, and created the Tanglangquan.

During the course of its development, practitioners of Tanglangquan continued to absorb the essence of other styles and created many variations of Tanglangquan. Today, there are several different styles of Tanglangquan including: Mimen Tanglangquan, Babu Tanglangquan, Meihua Tanglangquan, Shuaishou Tanglangquan, Liuhe Tanglangquan, Guangban Tanglangquan, Yuhuan Tanglangquan, Yin Tanglangquan, Qixing Tanglangquan, and Nan Tanglangquan.

Figures T-58 and T-59: Mantis Catches the Cicada/Wu Wen-Ching and Sanford Lee

Figure T-60: Tanglang Moon Tooth Saber/Tony Chen

Figure T-61: Meihua Tanglangquan/Solen Wong

Figure T-62: Preying Mantis Application/Jon Funk and partner

Figure T-63: Tanglangjian/Hassan Bishil

Figure T-64: Tanglangquan/Yang Chen-Han

Tangpingquan This style is also known as Tangpingqishi . It originated from within the Hui ethnic Chinese and is popular in Shanxi and Henan Provinces. Archeological findings indicate that it has existed since the Tang Dynasty (618-907). Traditionally, this style was only taught to male children, not female.

Tantuimen Translated as Springy Leg Style. One legend believes that Tantuimen originated from the Longtan Temple in Shandong Province. This style utilizes powerful, spring like kicks, thereby, the style was known as Tantui. Tan from Longtan and tui for its kicks. Another legend believes that it originated from the Tan Family Village in Henan Province.

Tantuimen is popular among the Hui ethnic Chinese. Tantui training has also been adopted into the foundation training in many other Changquan styles. It is believed that originally there were only ten Tantui routines. Later, two more were added to the original ten and became twelve routines. Tantuimen also has a weapon routine known as Liuhe Single Saber .

Figure T-65: Silu Tantui/Wang Jurong

Figure T-66: Tantui/Grace Wu

Figure T-67: Jiulu Tantui/Wu Wen-Ching

Thomas, Vingrove The founder and chief instructor of the Six Harmony Martial Arts Academy. He has studied several Chinese martial arts styles including: Tiger Claw, Yongchunquan, Chen Style Taijiquan, and Xinyi Liuhequan, since the early 1970’s. He serves regularly as a judge at annual U.S. national Chinese martial arts competitions. Since 1993, he has been invited to conduct biennial instructional tours in Italy and Switzerland. In 1997, he was celebrated as a cross-cultural role model in the New Yorker series produced by the N.H.K. for Japanese television. In 1998, he received a lifetime achievement award from the U.S.A. Wushu-Kung Fu Federation. See his photo demonstration under Yongchunquan.

Tianjin City One of China’s four municipalities that is under the direct jurisdiction of the central government. It is a port city located in the northeastern part of China and is about 120 kilometers northwest of Beijing. It covers over 11 thousand square kilometers with a population of over 9 million people as of 1999.

Tibet see Xizang Zizhiqu.

Timons, Joel A many time gold medalist and grandchampion in U.S. national and international Wushu competitions. He is a student of Nick Gracenin. He is also a black belt in Sanshou Dao. He currently teaches in Florida, U.S.A. See his photo demonstrations under Ditangquan and Chain.

Tjhie, Wie Hong In 1992, he was the North American all-around Wushu champion in the youth division. He began his Wushu training at a young age from Liang Shou-Yu, and is now an instructor at the S.Y.L. Wushu Institute. In 1993, he was a member of the Canadian Wushu team that competed in the World Wushu Championships. In 1995, he entered Beijing Physical Education University. He is a certified practitioner of Traditional Chinese Medicine by the Xiamen University in China; and is a member of the Board of Directors of Wushu B.C. See his photo demonstration under Piguaquan.

Tjhie, Wie Tjong He began his Wushu training with Liang Shou-Yu in 1982. He is an instructor at the S.Y.L. Wushu Institute, and a black belt in Wushu Sanshou Dao. In 2001, he was the gold medalist in the 60 to 65 Kg Canadian National Sanshou competition. He was selected to represent Canada at the 6th World Wushu Championships. See his photo demonstrations under Changquan and Wushu Sanshou Dao.

Tongbei Piquanquan see Piquaquan

Tongbiquan Translated as Connected Arm Fist. Legend has it, that this style was created by the Taoist Baiyuan Daoren in Sichuan Emei Mountain during the Spring-Autumn and Warring Kingdom era (770-221 B.C.). Its movements resemble the swinging arms of the ape. Tongbei literally means connected arms, implying that the arms are very integrated in its movements.

Today, there are several different types of Tongbeiquan. They include: Baiyuan Tongbeiquan, Pigua Tongbeiquan, Shaolin Tongbeiquan, Wuxing Tongbeiquan, Tanglang Tongbeiquan, Liuhe Tongbeiquan, Guanzhong Tongbeiquan, Liangyi Tongbeiquan, and Liangyi Tongbeiquan.

Tongbeiquan mimics the fighting characteristics of the ape. It utilizes long range strikes; generates power with the assistance of rounding the back and arcing the chest; and uses the swinging and shaking of the arms and hands in its applications. Both arms alternate in splitting movements.

Figure T-68: White Ape Tongbiquan—White Ape Offers the Fruit Posture/He Tao

Figure T-69: Emei Pigua Tongbiquan/Hui Mo

Tujiazu Wushu This is a term referring to the Wushu developed by the Tujiazu ethnic people living in the mountain range between Hunan, Hubei, and Sichuan Province. Ancient Tujiazu people had been known to be stubborn and brave. Chinese history indicates that the Tujiazu had revolts against the Tang, Song, and Yuan Dynasties. The emperors of the time had to make truces with them. Tujiazu Wushu is known for its close range combat abilities and its ability to engage in combat in narrow paths, and cliffs.

U, V, W

Uva, Thomas He began his martial arts training in 1973 and has continued his Wushu training with Wu Wen-Ching since 1996. He is a Way of the Dragon School assistant instructor; and is a chemical Engineer and a Pretreatment Manager at the Narragansett Bay Commission. See his photo demonstrations under Baguazhang, Wushu Bingqi, and Wushu Sanshou Dao.

Wang, Daniel Y. A prominent practitioner of Wushu with over 40 years of experience. He is a prominent practitioner of all major styles of Taijiquan, Taiji weapons, Taiji Sanshou, and Taiji Neigong. He was a member, then a team leader of a prestigious martial arts team in Beijing, where he won many gold medals in martial arts competitions, and coached many champion athletes. He is a judge for international competitions. He has been featured multiple times on Fox Television, in the Los Angeles Times, and in several magazines including People, Tai Chi, Inside Kung Fu, and Black Belt. He currently teaches in Los Angeles, California, U.S.A. See his photo demonstration under Taijiquan.

Wang, Jurong A Wushu Professor Emeritus of the Shanghai Physical Education University. She is the first female Wushu professor in Chinese history. She began her Wushu and traumatology medical training at age five from her father, Wang Ziping. At age 18, she competed in a national competition and attained the level of champion. In 1959, she was instrumental in the first compilation of the Bare-handed Compulsory Routine and Sword Compulsory Routine. She was personally responsible for the compilation of the Narrow Blade Sword and the Double Sword, all of which were part of the required Wushu curriculum. In 1960, Shanghai Physical Education University officially began the first Department of Wushu ever in China and she was appointed head of this department. More about her can be found under Wangshi Wushu. See her photo demonstrations under Chaquan, Tantuimen, and Wangshi Wushu.

Wang, Shutian (1918-) A Professor of Wushu at the Chengdu Physical Education University . He is a committee member of the Chinese Wushu Association, Chairman of the Sichuan Wushu Association, and head coach of the Sichuan Provincial Wushu School. He is a graduate of the prestigious Central Guoshu Institute . He has written eight authoritative books about Wushu. He is an advisor of the International Wushu Sanshou Dao Association. See his photo demonstrations under Xingyiquan and Baguazhang.

Wang Xuezhi (1945-) A Professor of Traditional Chinese Medicine at Beijing University. He was born into a family with a long history of medical, martial arts, and fine arts practices. He began his training when he was six years old and studied under many prominent instructors in Shaolin and Wudang styles, medicine, herbs, painting, and calligraphy. He is the author of The Encyclopedia of Chinese Herbs. He is the Chairman of the 5th Generation Wudangmen. He specializes in Li Style Taijiquan, Baguazhang, Xingyiquan, Qigong, and qi healing. He currently lives in Seattle, Washington, where he has started the Qi Gong Longevity Association to teach people how to live a long, healthy life. See his photo demonstration under Wudangmen.

Wang, Yu Wa Also known as, Yuwa Hedrick-Wang. He is one of the founders of the International Wushu Sanshou Dao Association (I.W.S.D). He is a black belt instructor in Karate, Jujutsu, Tae Kwon Do, and Kick Boxing. He is also well-versed in Wushu, Taijiquan, hard and soft Qigong, boxing, and Thai Boxing. He has trained many outstanding black belt students. He was one of the first to be invited to China to promote Karate. He has given workshops in the U.S., France, Italy, Western Europe, the Philippines, and Southeast Asia. He is also a well-known economic advisor to many nations around the world. See his photo demonstrations under Karate-do and Wushu Sanshou Dao.

Wang, Ziping (1881-1973) He was known for his patriotism, great strength, martial skills, and as a doctor of traumatology. He started his Wushu training at age 6, and became a prominent practitioner in both Internal and Exeternal Styles of Wushu. He was an expert in Qinna, Shuaijiao, free fighting, hard Qigong, soft Qigong, and light body skill. He defeated numerous foreign challengers that claimed to be undefeated in the world. He was also a prominent practitioner in traumatology. He combined his adept knowledge of Qinna with his bone setting skills and originated a well-known system of treatment for sports and Wushu related injuries in Northern China. He was the head of the Shaolin Division at the Central Guoshu Institute . He was the chairman of the Chinese Wushu Association. In 1960, at age 80, he was the first head coach to lead a Wushu team to perform outside of China. See his photo demonstrations under Chan and Wangshi Wushu.

Wangshi Wushu Founded by Wang Ziping and his daughter Wang Jurong. Both Wang Ziping and Wang Jurong are prominent practitioners of many Internal and External Styles of Wushu. In 1960, Wang Ziping and Wang Jurong were appointed to lead the Wushu team, along with Premier Zhou Enlai’s diplomatic delegation, to visit Burma. Wang Ziping was the head coach. Wang, Jurong was the women’s coach. This was a historic event because it was the first time, since New China, that a Wushu team ever performed outside of China.

Wang Jurong came to the United States in 1989, after retiring for a few years. At the time, the United States and China had recently normalized diplomatic relations. She was one of the first Wushu professors to venture into the United States from mainland China, to teach Wushu. Since her arrival in the United States, she has actively engaged in the promotion and organization of Wushu competitions. She has personally worked in the Chief Arbitrator and Referee General positions at U.S. National Competitions. Her many efforts made it possible for the U.S. to host the succesful Third World Wushu Championships.

Wang Jurong fulfilled her life dream of promoting Wushu in China and became a leading Wushu practitioner in China. Upon retirement, she has continued her efforts in the United States, using Wushu to strengthen the bridge between the Chinese people and Americans. She has done a tremendous job. Her influence and contribution to the development of Wushu in the United States is next to none. She is an advisor of the International Wushu Sanshou Dao Association. She was awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award by the U.S.A.W.K.F. in 1997, and she was twice voted the Women of the Year by Inside Kung Fu Magazine.

Wangshi Wushu includes: traditional Taijiquan, Xingyiquan, Baguazhang, Chaquan, Tantui, Paoquan, and many others. It also includes the new routines created by Wang Ziping and Wang Jurong. These new routines include: Green Dragon sword, Taiji Sword, the Flying Rainbow Fan Series, and Wangshi Trau-matology. Currently, the already compiled Wangshi Wushu books include: Qubingyannian Ershishi ( ), Longfeng Double Swords , Quanshu Ershifa , Wang Ziping and Wushu , Wushu and Trauma , Training and Life Nourishing , and the Flying Rainbow Fan Series .

Also see Wang Ziping and Wang Jurong.

Figure W-1: Incense Points to the Heavens /Wang Ziping

Figure W-2: Spear/Wang Jurong

Figure W-3: Traumatology/Wang Ziping

Figure W-4: Chaquan/Wang Jurong

Figure W-5: Shuaijiao/Wu Chengde

Figure W-6: Green Dragon Sword/Wang Ziping

Figure W-7: Taiji Single Fan/Helen Wu

Figure W-8: Kick to the Heaven/Simon Hu

Figure W-9: Green Dragon Sword/Wang Jurong and Andrew Wu

Figure W-10: Sword/Greg Watson

Figure W-11: Toubupingheng /Grace Wu

Figure W-12: Flying Phoenix Double Sword /Helen Wu

Figure W-13: Bajiquan/Wang Jurong (C), Denise Breiter-Wu (L), Helen Wu (R)

Figure W-14: Traditional Zhuanggong /Simon Hu

Figure W-15: Saber/Wang Jurong

Figure W-16: Wulu Chaquan /Grace Wu

Figure W-17: Spear/Wang Ziping

Figure W-18: Green Dragon Sword Sparring/Wang Jurong And Helen Wu

Figure W-19: Green Dragon Sword/Wu Wen-Ching

Figure W-20: Jianshu/Wu Xiaoping

Figure W-21: Taiji Lianhuan Double Sword /Helen Wu

Figure W-22: Quanshuershifa /Grace Wu

Figure W-23: Rainbow Fan Sparring/ Helen Wu and Denise Breiter-Wu

Watson, Greg He began studying Wushu in 1976. In 1981, he began his study of Taijiquan. In 1989, he met Dr. Wu Chengde and Professor Wang Jurong. A short time later, he became a formal student of Professor Wang and Dr. Wu. Since 1990, he has studied Beiquan (primarily from the Chaquan system) emphasizing long weapons, Taijiquan, Jian, Fan, and Qigong. Currently, he teaches Taijiquan and Wushu several days a week, as well as, continues his training under Professor Wang and Dr. Wu in group and private classes. He has been actively involved in promoting Wushu in the U.S.A., and in developing judging standards and methods for Wushu competitions. See his photo demonstration under Wangshi Wushu.

Weapons see Wushu Bingqi and specific Wushu weapon names.

Whiting, Fred A member of the Canadian Wushu team in 1985 and 1986. He was a student of Liang Shou-Yu from 1982-1990; and was an instructor at the S.Y.L. Wushu Institute. In 1986, he attained a silver medal in the Xingyiquan category at the International Wushu Invitational Tournament held in China. He has been to Beijing and Sichuan on numerous occasions to continue his Wushu training. He has been a judge and chief judge for many Canadian national Wushu competitions. He is an International Wushu Federation certified coach. In 2001, he was also certified by the International Wushu Federation as an International Wushu Forms Judge. He currently teaches at his school in Vancouver, Canada. See his photo demonstration under Xiandai Wushu.

Whitsitt-Lynch, Frank He was a wrestler on his high school and college wrestling teams from 1964 to 1969. He began his martial arts training in Tae Kwon Do in 1969 where he attained a black belt level. He began his Chinese martial arts studies in 1974. In 1992, he began studying Wushu and Qigong from Wu Wen-Ching. He is an instructor at The Way of the Dragon School, a black belt in Wushu Sanshou Dao, and an engineer with the Department of the Navy. See his photo demonstrations under Baguazhang, Taijiquan and Xingyiquan.

Wing Chun see Yongchunquan

Wong, Candice She is a student of Ken Low and an assistant instructor under him. Through the introduction from her teacher, she also began to study from Liang Shou-Yu in 1999. She is a many time gold medalist and all-around champion in U.S. & Canadian Wushu competitions. See her photo demonstration under Qiang.

Wong, Ivan He is a former member of the Canadian National Wushu team. He has been a silver and bronze medalist in World Wushu competitions; and a gold and silver medalist in Pan American Championships. He is also a certified coach by the International Wushu Federation. See his photo demonstration under Changquan.

Wong, Phillip He has over 25 years of teaching experience. He attained 13 national and international Grand Championships. He was also the all-around silver medalist at the Second International Wushu Invitational Tournament. He was an Inside Kung Fu Competitor of the Year. He has been the character motion capture for numerous video games, and has appeared most notably in Tekken 1, 2, and 3 as Lei Wu Long. He is the cofounder and teacher of the Pacific Wushu and the Stanford Wushu Club. See his photo demonstration under Jian.

Wong, Solen He is a native of Taiwan. In 1982, he became a student of Liang Shou-Yu. He has studied many different styles of Wushu, Qigong, Shuaijiao, Sanshou, and short weapon sparring. He was a gold medalist in the Canadian-American martial arts competition in the black belt division. He is currently in the business field. See his photo demonstration under Tanglangquan.

Wong, Tat-Mau President of the International Choy Lay Fut Kung Fu Federation of America. He was a Southeast Asian forms and fighting champion. He has over 35 years of extensive experience. He was named "Man of the Year" and "Instructor of the Year" by the Inside Kung Fu Magazine’s Hall of Fame and he was named "Kung Fu Artist of the Year" by the Black Belt Magazine’s Hall of Fame. He is the sponsor of one of the most acclaimed tournaments in Kung Fu history, the International Chinese Martial Arts Championship. He currently operates three schools in the San Francisco area and two schools in Sao Paulo, Brazil. More information about him and his schools can be find at www.tatwong.com. See his photo demonstration under Cailifoquan.

Wu, Andrew (1995-) Wu Wen-Ching and Denise Breiter-Wu's son. He began his Wushu training under his parents' tutelage at age two and a half. His first major performance was at Professor Wang Jurong’s seventieth birthday celebration when he was only three years old. His matching set performance and one-handed pushups amazed the audience and received loud applause. See his photo demonstrations under Emei Shaolin, Wangshi Wushu and Nanquan.

Wu, Chengde (1930-) A Professor Emeritus of the Shanghai Traditional Medicine and Herbology University. Dr. Wu is a disciple and the son-in-law of Wang Ziping. He was the first coach of the Shanghai Wushu team. He is a prominent practitioner in Shuaijiao, many Wushu styles, and a highly acclaimed professor and doctor of Traditional Chinese Medicine. He is an advisor of the International Wushu Sanshou Dao Association. Dr. Wu has over a half century of Wushu, Taijiquan, and Qigong experience, as well as, clinical experience in Chinese medicine. From 1959 to 1989 he served as the Director and professor for the Shanghai College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, and a Doctor-in-Chief of the Longhua Hospital in Shanghai. He currently teaches and has his medical practice in Houston, Texas, USA. See his photo demonstration under Wangshi Wushu.

Wu, Eddie Kwong Yu He is the 5th Generation Wu Style Taijiquan descendent and is currently the Chief Instructor of the Wu Style Tai Chi Chuan Toronto Academy and Head of the North American and European Academies. He is the great grandson of Wu Chuan Yau (, 1834-1902). He began his training at age 6 under the tutelage of his grandfather, Wu Kung Yi, and his father Wu Tai Kwei. He has produced and directed several instructional videos about Wu Style Taijiquan. He is a founding member of the Canadian Chinese Kuo Sho Federation (1987), and served as President for four years. He is also on the Board of Directors on the Confederation of Canadian Wushu Organizations and the Vice President of the United Wushu Federation of Canada. See his photo demonstration under Taijiquan.

Wu-Monnat, Grace X. Also known as Wu Xiagao. She is a prominent Wushu practitioner. She is the granddaughter and student of Wang Ziping, and the daughter of Wang Jurong and Wu Chengde. She received a B.A. in Physical Education at the Shanghai Teacher's University, and a Master's degree in Sports Administration at the Wichita State University. She is a certified Wushu judge. By dedicating countless hours of her time and serving conscientiously as a judge to the U.S.A. team trials and numerous regional, national, and international tournaments, she shares her contribution to the promotion of Wushu and wellness. She is an instructor and administrator of the Grace Wu Kung Fu School in Wichita, Kansas, U.S.A. See her photo demonstrations under Chaquan, Wangshi Wushu, and Tantuimen.

Wu, Helen X. (1956-) She is a prominent Wushu practitioner. At age three, she began her traditional Wushu training from her grandfather, Wang Ziping; her mother, Wang Jurong; and her father, Wu Chengde. She has been judging competitions and teaching Kung Fu, Tai Chi, and Qigong since 1975. She graduated from Shanghai Teacher's University and remained on as a teacher of sports medicine. She has also studied and practiced traditional Chinese Medicine under the direction of her father. She is the author and co-author of several books and videos including: Tai Chi Single Fan and Tai Chi Double Fan. She was noted as, the "Great pioneer martial woman that singly ventured into North America" in the Great Changes in the Course of Time. More about her can be found at www.masterhelenwu.com. See her photo demonstrations under Shan, Taijiquan, and Wangshi Wushu.

Wu, Wen-Ching A prominent practitioner of Wushu and Qigong. He has written and coauthored many books about Chinese martial arts, Taijiquan, and Qigong. He has a BSME degree from Northeastern University. In 1990, he was a U.S. National Chinese Martial Arts Competition Grandchampion in both Internal and External Styles where he competed in eight events and was ranked first in every event he competed in. In 1998, he was awarded three gold medals at the Fourth Shanghai International Wushu Festival/Competition. In the same year, he was also included in the book, China's Contemporary Wushu Masters . He is the Vice Chairman of the International Wushu Sanshou Dao Association and currently teaches in the Providence, Rhode Island area. See his photo demonstrations throughout this book.

Wu, Xiaoping Also known as Lucy Wu. She began her traditional Wushu training at age three from her grandfather, Wang Ziping; her mother, Wang Jurong; and her father, Wu Chengde. She is a graduate of the prestigious Shanghai Teacher’s University and the Shanghai College of Traditional Chinese Medicine. She is a prominent Wushu practitioner and a highly skilled instructor and lecturer in a wide range of Internal and External Style Wushu and sports medicine. She was the recipient of the "Outstanding Employee of all Shanghai" award and currently teaches at the Houston Taiji Kung Fu Health Academy in Houston, Texas, U.S.A. See her photo demonstration under Wangshi Wushu.

Wudang Hongmenquan The earliest records indicate that this style spread from Sichuan Province to Hubei Province. It was then influenced by Wudang Wushu and gradually became a style of its own. This style utilizes many sounds to assist in its power emission. Sounds, such as: sha , zhi , hei , and ha , are often used. Some of the known routines include: Zhongshou , Fengshou , Hongmenshou , Jingangshou , Qinglongshou , Ba-dashou , Jiugongshou , Shizishou , Laojuntang , Chuhai , Panjjiao , and many training methods.

Wudang Wushu This is a term referring to all of the styles that originated from the Wudang Mountains. The Wudang Mountains are also known as Taiheshan . This is a famous Daoist Mountain range, as well as, the core of Daoist Wushu. There have been many legendary stories about Wudang Najiaquan and Zhang Sanfeng . During the end of the Qing Dynasty and toward the beginning of the Republic, the last Abbott of Jinshan , Xu Ben-shan , was known to possess nearly incredible skills. In 1931, General He Long studied Wudang Wushu from him. Wudang Wushu includes many styles which have been introduced under their own headings.

Figures W-25 and W-26: Wudang Lianhuanjian /Liang Qiangya

Figure W-27: Wudang Jian/He Weiqi

Figure W-28: Snake and Hawk Boxing/Kenneth Cohen (photo by Rebecca D. Cohen)

Wudangmen Translated as Wudang Gate, also known as, Lipai Gongfu . It was created by Li Ruidong during the Qing Dynasty. Li was the director of training for the imperial guards, a position he held for over twenty years. Li was a prominent practitioner in Chuojiao, Shaolin, Tantui, Xinyi, Bagua, and Wudang Jinchanpai Taijigong . Li taught his style to his top student Zhang Tao . Zhang taught it to Chen Yuefang . Chen taught it to Wang Youyu . Wang taught it to his son, Wang Xuezhi , the fifth generation chairman. The training content of this style includes: Wudang Wuxiu Jinchanpai Taiji , Taiji Bagua Qimenquan , Taiji Baba Shenna Luanchaquan , Taiji Wuxingchui , and many other barehanded and weapon routines. This training also includes traumatology and traditional healing methods.

Information provided by Wang Xuezhi.

Figure W-29: Wudang Jinchanpai Taijigong/Wang Xuezhi

Figure W-30: Wudang Bagua Double Sabers/Wang Xuezhi

Wuji Xiaoyaopai The complete name for this style is Shusan Wuji Xiaoyaopai . Shushan is a term referring to the region in China that includes current day Sichuan and northern parts of Yunnan and Guizhou, and part of Shaanxi. The term Xiaoyao implies the state of free expression at its highest level. The term Wuji implies the unlimited and unrestricted nature of the style. In order for a practitioner to attain a state of absolute freedom in utilizing one’s martial ability, it is necessary that one have a solid foundation and broad martial arts knowledge and ability, and is able to integrate the usefulness of the different styles. When the practitioner is able to express and assimilate the characteristics of different styles, and digest them into useful forms to make them one’s own, then the practitioner will have attained the state of "extend from the rule, yet in accord with the rule" in every movement.

This style is inspired by the Wuji and Xiaoyao styles that existed during the Song Dynasty. It was founded by Liang Shou-Yu and is based on his extensive Wushu background and experience in many Wushu styles. The requirements of the Wuji Xiaoyaopai are for the practitioner to learn the well-known styles, to absorb the essence of these different styles, and to charge up one’s knowledge and ability. The practitioner should not be restricted to any particular style’s strengths or limitations. From the dedicated practice of the different styles, the practitioner will be able to attain a state of truly free expression of the different styles.

The Wuji Xiaoyaopai is a fusion of Emei, Wudang, Shaolin Wushu, and Qigong into one exceptional style. The style’s foundation training includes the essence of traditional routines from well-known Wushu styles. Practitioners are required to be well-versed in the styles’ characteristics and principles governing the style’s barehanded and weapon routines, and free fighting.

The training content of Wuji Xiaoyaopai consists of routines from thirty-six different styles and eighteen categories of weapons; and the Xiaoyao routines created by Liang Shou-Yu. They include: Shaolin Fuhuquan , Liuhequan , Yanqingquan , Chaquan , Emei Shaolin Bafa , Tiangangquan , Qixingquan , Heihuquan , Hongquan , Hongquan , Fanziquan , Tongbiquan , Yingzhuaquan , Tanglangquan , Chuojiaoquan , Tuokaoquan , Emei Shequan ; the Baguazhang System , the Xingyiquan System ; Chen , Yang , Wu , and Sun Style Taijiquan; Huayue Xinyi Liuhebafa and Sanpan Shiershi ; the Wujiquan System ; Xiaoyaoquan , Xiaoyaoshuai , Xiaoyaona , Xiaoyaotui , Xiaoyaozhang , Xiaoyaodianxue , and Push Hands methods.

Their practical fighting training includes: traditional Shuijiao , Sanshou Kuaijiao , Qinna , cavity press, competition Sanshou training, self-defense and street Sanshou training; and Taiji basic, free, and Sanshou Push Hands. Their internal strength and Qigong training includes: Iron Shirt, Dapeng and Golden Bell Cover Qigong, Medical Qigong, External Qi Healing Qigong, Buddhist Qigong, and Daoist Jinguang Xuanlin Qigong.

Figure W-31: Xiaoyaoquan/Liang Shou-Yu

Figure W-32: Tiangangquan/Wu Wen-Ching

Figure W-33: Wujiquan/Liang Shou-Yu

Figure W-34: Xiaoyaona/Sun Jie

Figure W-35: Xiaoyaozhang/Liang Shou-Yu

Figure W-36: Xiaoyaoshuai/Liang Shou-Yu

Figure W-37: White Ape Sword/Wu Wen-Ching

Figure W-38: Xiaoyaoshui Application/Liang Shou-Yu and Ian Sinclair

Figure W-39: White Ape Sword/Huen Siu Hung

Figure W-40: Rooting Training at the Beach/Liang Shou-Yu and Wu Wen-Ching

Figure W-41: Xiaoyaotui/Sun Jie

Figures W-42 and W-43: Xiaoyaoquan and Applications/S.Y.L. Wushu Institute Students: Michael, Matthew, Terry, Michael, Patti, Itamar, Tony, Mo, Gordon, Jacob, Michael, Ken, Brigitte, Shona, Kelly, Chen-Han, Chris, Ron, Derek, and Tjong

Wujiaquan This is a Southern Style originally from the Fujian Shaolin Temple. The known training includes: Liuluquan , six elbow techniques, eight fist techniques, twelve palm techniques, and many kicking techniques.

Wumeipai Legend has it, that Wumeipai was created by Wu Mei, the daughter of a general in the Ming imperial court. Thus, she had the benefits of imperial tutors in all aspects of knowledge, art, and culture. She was an advocate of strong and rigorous training to improve military readiness. Wu Mei sought refuge at the White Crane Shaolin Temple in Guangxi when the Qing Dynasty took control of the empire. Wu Mei taught her Wushu to the monks and nuns at the temple, and helped the Ming loyalists raise an army against the Qing rulers. Her art was only taught at the temple so that her methods would not fall into enemy hands. She innovated wooden posts training—logs driven into the ground in a huge matrix in patterns of five. Individuality, improvisation, and unpredictability are the hallmarks of Wumeipai.

Information provided by Ken Lo.

Figure W-44: Wumeipai/Ken Lo

Wushouquan Translated as Five Handed Fist. This is a popular Wushu trained by the people of Qingdao City of Shandong Province. The focus of this style is on practical applications rather than on forms. Each of their routines contains only a few techniques that are practiced individually or together as a short routine. The power expression of this style resembles Xingyiquan.

Wushu The official term for Chinese martial arts. It is also a general term meaning martial arts.

Wushu Anqi Anqi generally refers to any weapon that can be concealed on a person. Anqi can be used from a few feet to one hundred feet away to strike an opponent. Wushu practitioners of old learned not only barehanded and weapon combat skills, but they also learned anqi skills. It was almost impossible to travel around the countryside without the ability to use anqi. Anqi skills were often used when one’s ability was not as good as their opponent. To surprise an opponent and to avert a life or death situation, fighters often resorted to anqi to save themselves. Generally, there are thirty-six different kinds of traditional Wushu anqi including throwing anqi, roped anqi, projectile activated anqi, blow darts, etc.

Wushu Bingqi This term refers to all Wushu weapons. Since ancient times, there has not been a consistent record of how many Wushu weapons there are. The way the numbers are used in Chinese is very intriguing with multiple context and meaning. It is known that there are more than eighteen Wushu weapons, but there is a figure of speech that states, "eighteen types of weapons". Generally speaking, the term simply means "all the weapons". Today, Wushu weapons are typically classified into either long, short, flexible, small, or concealed weapons.

Typically, long and short weapons are used as primary weapons, flexible and short weapons are used as secondary weapons, and hidden weapons are used as ambushing weapons.

Long weapons typically refer to all weapons that have a long rod or an extension of a long rod. Weapons like the staff, spear, and trident, are typical long weapons. They are usually about as long as the distance from the practitioner's feet to his eyebrows. Long weapon movements are generally held with both hands when used.

Short weapons typically refer to weapons that are longer than the practitioner’s arm, but shorter than the distance between the practitioner's feet and eyebrows. Weapons like the sword, saber, and short rods, are typical short weapons. Many short weapons are easily converted into long weapons by adding a pole extension.

Flexible weapons typically refer to weapons that bend. Weapons such as the chain, three section staff, and rope dart, are typical flexible weapons. Flexible weapons are often used as secondary weapons when the primary weapon is not available or breaks during combat. Some flexible weapons are also considered concealed weapons or anqi . Small weapons typically refer to weapons that are shorter than the practitioner's arm. Weapons like the deer hooks, dagger, and Emei piercer, are typical short weapons. Concealed weapons are known as Wushu Anqi and are described under their own heading.

Also see specific types of Wushu weapons.

Figure W-45: Staff/William Pyne

Figure W-46: Spear/Jeffrey Lykins

Figure W-47: Pudao/Fred Barbosa

Figure W-48: Saber/Ryan May

Figure W-49: Double Sabers/Tom Uva

Figure W-50: Sword/Gordon Yiu

Figure W-51: Staff/Steve Finger

Figure W-52: Group Saber/S.Y.L. Wushu Institute Students: Billy, Desmond, Trylon, Kerry, Leslie, Tjong, Derek, Hong, and Howie

Figure W-53: Group Staff/S.Y.L. Wushu Institute Students: Eric, Francis, Derek, Leslie, Jonathan, Chelsia, and Hong

Figure W-54: Group Spear/S.Y.L. Wushu Institute Students: Billy, Kerry, Desmond, Chen-Han, Dora, Eli, Shona, and Sarah

Wushu Qigong A part of the martial arts’ internal energy training that develops the physical body’s ability to withstand attacks, and develops a strong offensive application potential.

Wushu Sanshou Dao Officially called the International Wushu Sanshou Dao (I.W.S.D.) Association. An organization founded in the 1980's by martial arts practitioners from Canada, U.S.A., China, and Russia. It is not a style of martial arts, rather it is an organization dedicated to preserving and training well-rounded martial artists. Wushu Sanshou Dao utilizes Chinese Wushu as a foundation, while incorporating the advantages from other martial arts systems into its training outline. Wushu Sanshou Dao encourages its members to participate in different martial arts competitions to learn and familiarize themselves with other systems of martial arts. It supports all international martial arts movements and does not discriminate against any style of martial arts. If it is a practical and useful martial art, it is a good martial art. Since its conception, members of the Wushu Sanshou Dao organization have participated in Wushu, Sanshou, Karate, Judo, and Taiji Push Hands competitions with outstanding achievements in both the routines and the application categories.

Wushu Sanshou Dao has enlisted many advisors in its organization. These advisors are all outstanding and prominent practitioners in the martial arts community with remarkable contributions to the promotion of martial arts around the world. They receive the highest admiration and respect from the Wushu Sanshou Dao members.

Wushu Sanshou Dao ranking is very demanding. To attain each level of black belt, the practitioners must go through rigorous training and testing. Only the well-rounded practitioners with exceptional knowledge and skills are granted black belt status. The general requirements for each level of Wushu Sanshou Dao are listed on the following pages.

Figure W-55: Qinna/Liang Shou-Yu and student

Figure W-56: Sanshou Application/ Wang Yu Wa

Figures W-57, W-60, and W-61: Sanshou Training/Tjhie Wie Tjong and Howie Leung

Figure W-58: Sanshou Training/Jared Johnson and Ayron Howey

Figure W-59: Sanshou Training/Ayron Howey and Derek Cheng

Figure W-62: Conditioning the Abdomen with a Log/Howie Leung

Figure W-63: Breaking bricks with the head/Yang Wei

Figure W-64: Holding and breaking two bricks with the palm/Yang Wei

Figure W-65: Breaking five bricks with the palm/Sun Xiaodong

Figure W-66: Push Bricks in Horse Stance 1000-1500 times in ten minutes/ Vancouver, Canada I.W.S.D. Members

Figure W-65: Minimum of Twenty One Handed Push Up/Vancouver, Canada I.W.S.D. Members

First Level Black Belt

1. Five routines:

a. One Northern or Southern Chinese Wushu routine

b. One Internal Style Chinese Wushu routine

c. One other routine that can be from any accepted martial arts style

d. One short weapon routine from any accepted martial art style

e. One long weapon routine from any accepted martial arts style

2. Ten Qinna techniques.

3. Ten take down techniques.

4. Basic Taiji Push Hands ability including Peng, Lu, Ji, An, Cai, Lie, Zhou, Kao.

5. Twenty one step fighting techniques.

6. Proficiency in free style sparring.

7. Men must be able to do 20 one handed push ups (feet placed on a foot high bench), with each arm. Women must be able to do 30 standard two handed push ups (feet placed on a foot high bench).

Many of the Wushu Sanshou Dao First Level Black Belt recipients have also attained the top three rankings in international competitions held in the United States and Canada. Some have also attained the top three rankings in world competitions. Wushu Sanshou Dao does not require its members to compete in competitions, however, participants that are interested in competition are encouraged to do so. The primary goal of Wushu Sanshou Dao is to nurture the all-around martial artist.

Second Level Black Belt

1. Ten additional Qinna techniques.

2. Ten additional take down techniques.

3. Ten ground fighting techniques.

Figure W-68 and W-69: Hard Qigong-Spear to the Throat/Vancouver, Canada I.W.S.D. Members

Figures W-70 and W-71: Supporting Body weight with a stick on the solar plexus (30 seconds to 2-1/2 minutes)/Tony Bujas, Ron Case, Peter Spence, Michael Young, Gord McKay, Calvin Keele, Jacob Simpson, Howie Leung, Barry Luqer, Declan King, Derek Cheng, Michael Holmes, and Kelly Maclean

4. Free Taiji Push Hands ability.

5. Internal energy (Qigong) attainment, such that strikes to the arms, abdomen, chest, sides of the torso, and head can be withstood without injury. Women are exempt from strikes to the chest and waist.

6. Breaking techniques with the hands, feet, and head, which indicate strength and power for martial application.

7. Free sparring incorporating Push Hands skills which indicate the ability to use neutralization skills against an opponent’s muscular strength.

Third Level Black Belt

1. Two advanced External and/or Internal Style routines.

2. Ten additional take down techniques.

3. Ten additional ground fighting techniques.

4. Ten additional Qinna techniques incorporating ten effective pressure point attacks.

5. Barehanded free sparring training against weapons

6. Combined free sparring with take down, Qinna, and Push Hands skills.

7. A qualified Second Level holder may be exempt from all of the above requirements, if he or she has achieved recognition as an all-around routine champion or a Sanshou champion in a recognized national competition.

Figure W-72: Sanshou Training/Liang Shou-Yu (R) and Mike Sigman (L)

Figure W-73: Sanshou Dao/Michael Levenston

Figure W-74: Sanshou Ready Posture/Wang Yu Wa

Figure W-75: Sanshou/Yang Wei

Figure W-76: Sanshou Training/Juha Lintunen and Bedry Ricci

Figure W-77: Ground Control/Al Arsenalt (R) and Jared Johnson (L)

Figure W-78: Sanshou/Rudi Ott, Ayron Howey, and Howie Leung

Figure W-79: Leg Conditioning/Fred Ho and Perry Lo

Fourth Level Black Belt — Master Level 1

1. Proficiency in more than ten routines.

2. A minimum of 10 years of teaching experience in the martial arts.

3. Advanced achievement in internal energy training.

4. A university degree or equivalent life experience.

5. A free fighting champion in a recognized world competition may be considered for this level without testing. First place all-around routine champion in a recognized world competition may also be considered for this level without testing.

Fifth Level Black Belt — Master Level 2

1. Experienced in judging a national and/or an international martial arts events.

2. Published pieces of work in the field of martial arts (books, magazine or journal articles, videos, audiotapes ...).

3. Further advancement achieved in internal energy training.

4. Contributions in teaching and promoting martial arts.

Figure W-80: Staff vs. Staff/Howard Means and Thomas Uva

Figure W-81: Sanshou Competition/Ayron Howey (Canadian National Champion, 65 Kg)

Figure W-82: Sanshou Competition/Howie Leung (Canadian National Champion, 80 Kg)

Figure W-83: Sanshou Competition/Derek Cheng (Canadian National Champion, 70 Kg)

Sixth Level Black Belt — Master Level 3

1. Continuous contribution in teaching and promoting martial arts.

2. Has positive national (country of permanent residence) recognition in the martial arts community.

Seventh Level Black Belt — Master Level 4

1. Continuous contribution in teaching and promoting martial arts and Wushu Sanshou Dao.

2. Has positive international recognition in the martial arts community.

Eighth Level Black Belt — Honorary Level 1

1. Honorary Level 1 recipients must be a person of great martial arts accomplishment, recommended and approved by the I.W.S.D. Association Headquarters.

2. This individual must be at least 55 years of age and have over 30 years of martial arts experience.

Ninth Level Black Belt — Honorary Level 2

1. Honorary Level 2 recipients must be a founding member of the I.W.S.D. Association with continuous contribution in promoting Wushu Sanshou Dao or be an individual with an extraordinary contribution to Wushu Sanshou Dao.

2. This individual must be at least 60 years of age and have over 40 years of martial arts experience.

Wuxing Dunshumen In ancient times, in addition to combat training, practitioners also learned many other techniques to evade enemy pursuit or to trick their opponents. These techniques and tricks utilized the environment and concealed weapons, to mislead and to distress their opponents, and to achieve self-preservation. These types of techniques and tricks are referred to as dunshu or elusive techniques. Training in dunshu also includes: camouflage within the natural environment, climbing techniques up walls, crossing techniques from building to building, etc. The style that specifically focuses on these elusive techniques is known as Wuxing Dunshumen.

Wuzuquan Translated as Five Ancestor Fist. It is also known as Wuzuheyangquan , and romanized as Ngor Chor in Fujian Chinese dialect. It is classified as a Southern Style that is popular in Southern China, Malaysia, Singapore, and the Philippines. Wuzuquan was developed by Li Chun-Jen during the reign of the Qing Emperor, Yongzheng , between 1723 and 1735.

In his youth, Li studied Taizuquan , Baihequan , and Houquan . After many years of study and contemplation, he realized that all martial art styles have their own strengths and weaknesses. He decided to further his skills by traveling around China to learn and exchange skills with practitioners of different styles. After his travels, Li settled in Southern China and taught his Wushu to many students. Li organized his Wushu into five categories. They were: Taizuquan, Luohanquan , Baihequan, Hoquan, and Xuanuquan . One of the most noted students of Li was Kan Te-Yen . Kan was the nephew of Li’s wife. Kan studied the five styles taught to him by his teacher and further unified the styles into one.

Wuzuquan is noted for its effective close range combat methods, including joint-locks and leg sweeps. Its movements are simple and direct. Wuzuquan consists of a total of one hundred and eight barehanded, weapon, sparring, and Green Lion against weapon routines. Wuzuquan's emphasis is on the development of an individual’s martial skill according to their adaptability, body type, and personal strength. Its training focus lies within the requirements of stability, strength, speed, subtleness, and softness.

Information provided by Kam P. Lee

Figure W-84: Wuzuquan/Kam P. Lee

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Xiandai Wushu Translated as Contemporary or Modern Wushu. This is also referred to as Sports Performance Wushu. It has the appeal of Huatao Wushu of the Ming Dynasty, but surpassed Huatao Wushu’s degree of difficulty. The level of difficulty in Contemporary Wushu is very demanding on the practitioners’ endurance, speed, jumping ability, flexibility, balance, coordinated power, and the overall quality of the physical body. It is suitable for sports competitions, performance, and for youngsters to practice. Most Contemporary Wushu routines are not suitable for combat, but they are very good for foundation training for combat.

During the ten years of the Cultural Revolution (1966-1976) in China, all traditional culture was ravaged. Traditional Wushu was also restricted. Sanshou and practical applications were not allowed to be practiced or shown in public. Even sports Shuaijiao , boxing, and weight lifting, were eliminated from formal competition categories.

When the Cultural Revolution ended, Wushu performances had become Huajiazi , or dance-like without martial intent. These Wushu routines included many dance, ballet, and acting movements and became known as Zixuan Taolu , individual creation routines.

These routines included very graceful and highly difficult movements and were very entertaining to the audience. Since they didn’t include any violent expressions, they were warmly received by many parents who sent their children to study. When these charismatic Wushu routines were taken outside of China on friendship tours around the world, they also captivated foreign audiences. People around the world began to view Wushu as a healthy, body strengthening, and artistic sport training.

The contribution of Contemporary Wushu has been significant to the popularity of Wushu around the world today. However, at the time, people outside of China thought of Wushu as "it looks good, but is not useful". The newer generation of performers were only trained for performance, without actual combat experience. The performers, shortly after the Cultural Revolution, were unable to accept fighting challenges. Wushu practitioners outside of China condemned the performance Wushu. It wasn’t until more and more traditionally trained coaches started to immigrate outside of China, accepting and defeating challenges, that Wushu from mainland China regained its respect. Towards the end of the 1990’s, Wushu Sanshou teams from China challenged fighters from around the world. They defeated many of these fighters and proved to the world that the fighting ability of Wushu is still thriving in China.

Wushu had come to another crossroad. Many practitioners of Wushu either practiced routines only and ignored the combat training, or practiced combat training and ignored the routine training. Realizing this deviation, the International Wushu Sanshou Dao (I.W.S.D.) was formed. Practitioners from China, Canada, United States, and Russia, got together and developed this organization with the objective to foster a versatile martial artist, not one that was proficient only in routines or only in fighting.

Today, the trend is very encouraging. The younger generation of Wushu practitioners have become well-versed in both routines and combat. There have been many young versatile Wushu practitioners in recent years.

Due to the tireless work of Wushu enthusiasts around the world, Wushu has become an international competition event. After 1985 and two world competitions held in China, Wushu has steadily increased its popularity. There have been five world Wushu competitions held around the world and Wushu enthusiasts are working to make it an Olympic event in the year 2008.

Today, the competition categories for Wushu include routine and Sanshou categories along with exhibition components and matching sparring set competition components. The routine component includes separate divisions for men and women. They include: the International Compulsory Changquan, Nanquan, 42 Posture Taijiquan, Saber, Spear, Staff, Sword, 42 Posture Taiji Sword, Southern Staff, and Southern Saber.

In the Sanshou category, there are 11 divisions. They are: 48 kg, 52 kg, 56 kg, 60 kg, 65 kg, 70 kg, 75 kg, 80 kg, 85 kg, 90 kg, and over 90 kg subcategories. The matching sparring set categories include: Sword vs. Saber, Barehanded vs. Barehanded, Staff vs. Staff, Staff vs. Spear, and Three Section Staff vs Staff.

Figure X-1: Butterfly with a 360 Degree Twist/Hui Mo

Figure X-2: Jumping Side Kick/Lin Siyan

Figure X-3: Opening the Door Posture/Jiang Haoquan

Figure X-4: Wushu Basics/Bruce Fontaine

Figure X-5: Compulsory Saber Routine/Maria Liang

Figure X-6: Saber/Narcyz Latecki

Figure X-7: Shuaijiao/Jiang Haoquan and Wang Weizhang

Figure X-8: Sanshou Competition/Michael Li, referee

Figure X-9: Daggers vs. Spear/Li Jinheng (L) and Hao Zhihua (R)

Figure X-10: Sword Compulsory Routine/Kelly Maclean

Figure X-11: Nanquan Compulsory Routine/Howie Leung

Figure X-12: Saber Compulsory Routine/Douglas Chin

Figure X-13: Saber Compulsory Routine/Cindy Luo

Figure X-14: Sword Compulsory Routine/Chris Chin

Figure X-15: Southern Saber Compulsory Routine/Perry Lo

Figure X-16: Spear Compulsory Routine/Alan Tang

Figure X-17: Taiji Sword Compulsory Routine/Hong Yijiao

Figure X-18: Staff Compulsory Routine/Fred Whiting

Figure X-19: Changquan Compulsory Routine/Katrina Leung

Figures X-20 and X-21: Coaching Students/Liang Shou-Yu and Students

Figure X-22: Balance Training/Rena Huang, Kelly Maclean, Sandy, Emily, and Bonnie

Figure X-23: Qinna Matching Set/Narcyz Latecki and Eva Latecki

Xiangmen Translated as Xiang Family Style. It was created by Xiang Kui , a Security Guard in Bejing during the Qing Dynasty. Xiangmen’s movements are close and continuous. There are seven known barehanded routines and a Nanzhenggun staff routine.

Xianhumen This is an Emei Style. There are three known barehanded routines, a Zheshoujian sword routine, and a Nuanhuafu ax routine.

Xiao, Benson Also known as Xiao Binsheng. He was a former member of the Heilongjiang Provincial Wushu team. He was a gold medalist many times in city, provincial, and national Wushu competitions. He is a graduate of Beijing Physical Education University with a degree in Wushu. He was the former editor of China Wushu Magazine, a first class judge, and Wushu coach of the China National Sports Committee. In 2001, he was certified by the International Wushu Federation as an International Wushu Forms Judge. He currently teaches in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. See his photo demonstration under Taizuquan.

Xiaquan Translated as Xia Style. Legend has it, that Li Huzi of Sichuan taught it to students in Guangdong during the Qing Dynasty. Li Huzi was also a Chan Buddhist priest, known as Jingo . He taught his Wushu to Huang Yinlin . When Huang taught his students, he named the style Xiaquan, out of respect and in remembrance of his teacher who was known as Da Xia, meaning great and ethically upright martial artist.

It is classified both as an Emei Style and a Southern Style. Some of the known routines include: Huheshuandou , Daluohan , Xiajia Dandao , and Zuoshougun .

Xibei Difangquan Translated as Northeast Regional Style. It is also known as Lanzhoudifang Laobashi and Bamen . This style is an embodiment of many other styles. These famous styles include: Paoquan , Siquan , Jiuhuanzi , Tongbeiquan , and Fengshoubakuai . Among them, Paoquan is the mother, including twelve routines. Siquan is the son, including six routines. There are many kicking and takedown methods. The primary palm technique is an expression of power to the finger tips to distress an opponent. The practitioners also used to put coins in the ends of their sleeves to increase the effectiveness of their strikes. Within the movments are constant opening and closing moves which both can be offensive techniques.

Information provided by Michael Li.

Figure X-24: Sipaoquan /Michael Li

Xie, Qingcai He is a first class China Wushu judge. He is a committee member and director of the Sichuan Wushu Association, and the Principal of the Chongqing Yunyang Teacher's College . He is the Chairman of the Changjiang Sanxia Affiliate of the International Wushu Sanshou Dao Association. During the 1960's to the 1980's, he studied Wushu from Liang Shou-Yu. See his photo demonstration under Qiang.

Xiliangquan Legend has it, that during the Three Kingdom era, General Ma Chao , created Xiliangquan. General Ma used Xiliangquan to train his troops. His troops became one of the most feared groups of warriors. In the Qing Dynasty, a prominent Wushu fighter, Tang Dianxiang was well-known for Xiliangquan.

Information provided by Lu Fenglin

Figures X-25 and X-26: Xiliangquan/ Lu Fenglin

Xingyiquan An Internal Style Wushu, also romanized as Hsing Yi Chuan, and translated as Shape and Intent Fist. This is a Wushu style known for its dynamic and explosive movements. Xing or shape, is derived from the characteristics of the fighting movements of 12 different animals. Yi or intent, refers to the elevated spirit of the animals in action. Legend has it, that Marshal Yue Fei (1103-1142 A.D.) of the Southern Song Dynasty created Xingyiquan and taught it to his troops.

Xingyiquan basics include: Santishi , Wuxingquan , and Shierxing . Santishi or Three Body Posture, is the basic stance, referring to the three powers of the universe: heaven, earth, and men. Wuxingquan or Five Element Routine, are the basic punching methods referring to Piquan (, Splitting Fist), Zuanquan (, Drilling Fist), Beng-quan (, Crashing Fist), Paoquan (, Exploding Fist), and Hengquan (, Shearing Fist). Shierxing or Twelve Animal Shapes, refer to the fighting movements and spirit of the animals. The Twelve animals are: dragon , tiger , monkey , horse , water lizard , chicken , sparrow hawk , swallow , snake , heavenly bird , eagle , and bear .

Figure X-27: Santishi / Wang Shutian

Figure X-28: Paoquan / Helen Liang

Figure X-29: Sparrow-Hawk Posture/ Wu Wen-Ching

Figure X-30: Monkey Posture/Kenneth Cohen (photo by Rebecca D. Cohen)

Figure X-31: Zhuanquan/Naji Mazloum

Figure X-32: Piquan/Frank Whitsitt-Lynch

Figure X-33: Shashi Xingyiquan-White Ape Turns Its Body Posture/Cheng Shaoming

Xinjiang Uygur Zizhiqu An autonomous region in northwestern China that borders Russia and Mongolia. It covers over 1.6 million square kilometers with a population of over 17 million as of 1999. It is the region/province with the largest land mass in China.

Xiyangzhang This style was passed down from Tang Dianqing of the Anhui Province. Tang was a martial arts hero during the later part of the Qing Dynasty. Legend has it, that he was the bodyguard for Li Hongzhang , a high royal officer of the Qing Emperor. Tang’s disciple, Wu Chongguang was the head instructor of the Wuhu City Guoshu School .

Xiyangzhang movements are open and extended, but require a lot of effort to perform. The foundation routines are the ten Tantui routines ; Xiyangzhang is to develop a practitioners’ internal strength; and the Upper and the Lower Shitouquan are the fighting application training. Practitioners must be accepted as a disciple before they are allowed to learn this style.

Information provided by Qi Ke Bao.

Figures X-34 and X-35: Xiyangzhang/Qi Ke Bao

Xizang Zizhiqu An autonomous region in southwestern China, also known as, Tibet. It borders Nepal, Bhutan, and India to its south. It covers over 1.2 million square kilometers with a population of over 2 million people as of 1999.

Xu, Junheng He is a prominent Taijiquan and Qigong practitioner, and an outstanding swimming athlete for the Shanghai Swimming team. He served as the Director and Coach-in-Chief for the Division of Swimming for the Shanghai Municipal Government. In 1971, he began to practice Yang Style Taijiquan with Fu Zhongwen; and started his serious study of Chinese medicine, acupuncture, and therapeutic massage. He has been teaching Taiji Walking Qigong to maximize general health and to help cancer patients. He currently teaches at the Ross Institute in Long Island, New York. He serves as the Director of the Asian Exchange Program at the Ross Institute where he teaches the 18-form Taiji Qigong and his unique Taiji Walking Program. See his photo demonstration under Qigong.

Y

Yaan Yujiaquan Translated as Yu Family Fist of Yaan. It was created by Yu Zhenggang of Yaan . Yaan Yujiaquan was only taught to their family members. This style focuses on both the healing, as well as, the fighting components of Wushu. The known routines include: Sanshiliuzhou and Shisangun .

Yang, Chen-Han A member of the alternate Canadian Sanshou team in 1998. He received two gold medals in the 1995 U.S. National Competitions. He is a S.Y.L. Wushu Institute instructor. He is also included in the book, China’s Contemporary Wushu Masters . In 2001, he was the first place winner at the Canadian National Sanshou competiton in the 124 to 132 pound category. See his photo demonstration under Tanglangquan.

Yang, Chengfu (1883-1936) He is the grandson of the founder of Yang Style Taijiquan, Yang Luchan . He was the head coach of the Wudang division at the Central Guoshu Institute . The modern version of Yang Style Taijiquan is based on his teachings. He had many students. The notable ones include his sons; and students Cui Dianshi , Li Yaxuan , Wu Huichuan , Fu Zhongwen , and Dong Yinjie . See his photo demonstration under Taijiquan.

Yang, Fukui A graduate of Tianjin College of Physical Education. He was a professional Wushu coach in Tianjin and Japan from 1984 to 1996. He won numerous prizes in China and the U.S. for Xingyiquan, Chen and Yang Style Taijiquan, Push Hands, and Wushu forms. He is certified in China to practice qi healing and tuina. He was the director of the Tianjin Qigong Institute from 1994 to 1996. He is the founder and head coach of Heart Mind Chinese Martial Arts in Manhattan, New York, U.S.A. He is also a member of the adjunct faculty at the Pacific College of Oriental Medicine, where he teaches tuina. See his photo demonstration under Baguazhang.

Yang, Jun A prominent sixth generation representative of Yang Style Taijiquan. He lived and studied with his grandfather, Yang Zhenduo since childhood. He has traveled extensively with his grandfather, giving workshops around world. He currently teaches in Seattle, Washington, U.S.A. See his photo demonstration under Taijiquan.

Yang, Wei (1966-) Vice Chairman of the International Wushu Sanshou Dao Association. He was the gold medalist in the 70 kilogram division at the Heilongjiang China national Sanshou competition. He has written many books on hard Qigong and Sanshou training. He is an outstanding young martial artist in the Wushu community. See his photo demonstration under Wushu Sanshou Dao.

Yang, Yang (1961-) He began his Chen Style Taijiquan study at age twelve. He studied from Gu Liuxin , Chen Zhaokui , and Feng Zhiqiang . He is a formal disciple of Feng Zhiqiang. He was a gold medalist at the Shanghai University Gongfu Tournament for three straight years (1981-1983), and was voted Best Overall Martial Artist in 1983. He was an instructor at the Shanghai Chen Style Research Association. He has a law degree and an engineering degree from China, a Master’s degree in economics from Illinois State University, and is currently working on his doctorate in kinesiology at the University of Illinois. He is the director of the Feng Zhiqiang Martial Academy of North America and the Qiu Zhen Yi Center for Taiji Studies in Illinois. See his photo demonstration under Taijiquan.

Yang, Zhenduo (1926-) He is the great-grandson of the founder of Yang Style Taijiquan, Yang Luchan . He is one of the most prominent fourth generation representatives of Yang Style Taijiquan today. He began his Taijiquan study with his father, Yang Chengfu . He currently teaches in Seattle, Washington, U.S.A., and gives workshops around the world. See his photo demonstration under Taijiquan.

Yangbalangquan This is a style practiced in the Chongqing City area. There are six known barehanded routines, six weapon routines, five training methods, and sparring methods.

Yangtze River The longest river in China, and the fourth longest in the world. It is also known as Changjiang or Long River. It is also one of the most important water transportation routes in China. Wushu styles originating above the Yangtze River are considered Northern Styles and Wushu styles originating below the Yangtze River are considered Southern Styles.

Yaojia This is a style developed by the Yao ethnic people living in the mountain range between Hunan and Guangxi. Over one thousand years ago, this area was infested with bandits and thieves. To protect themselves, the Yao people had to absorb other styles and develop their Wushu skills. Their routines tend to be short with only about ten movements. The known weapon routines include: Qimeigun , Biandan , Shuangdao , and Huba .

Yanqingquan A Changquan type Wushu. Legend has it, that Lu Junyi of the Tang Dynasty created this style and taught it to Yan Qing . Another legend has it, that Yan Qing, a Song Dynasty hero of the people, created this style based on the agile movements of the monkey. The type of monkey was a macaque, which is referred to as mizong in Chinese.

The term Mizong also sounds like many other Chinese words. One of the popular Mizong characters used to refer to this style literally means "secret ancestry", implying the secrecy of the origin. Since Yan Qing was an outlaw who was wanted by the government at the time, the practitioners of this style would not advertise their ties to Yan Qing. Therefore, they referred to their style as the "secret ancestry" style.

Also see Mizongquan.

Figure Y-1: Yanqingquan/Fred Ho

Yaxingquan Translated as Duck Style. This is a style based on the movements of a duck. According to legend, this style was created by the Taoist, Luya Daoren , of the Emei Mountain during the Tang Dynasty.

Yingzhuaquan Translated as Eagle Claw Style. This is an imitation style mimicking the movements of an eagle. It is believed that Yingzhuaquan was created by Liu Sijun of the Qing Dynasty. In the early 1900's, Chen Zizheng taught at the Shanghai Jinwu Athletic Association . The characteristics of Eagle Claw include many Qinna techniques in its applications. It is described as "Rapid, explosive, and continuous when in motion; alert and brisk as an eagle waiting for a rabbit when still."

Figure Y-2: Yingzhuaquan/Derek Cheng

Yiquan see Dachengquan

Yiu, Gordon He began his Cailifoquan studies at age 5 from his father, Hilbert Yiu. He also learned modern competition routines and was the gold medalist and all-around champion many times in major Wushu competitions. See his photo demonstration under Wushu Bingqi.

Yiu, Hilbert, Jr. He is the eldest son of Hilbert Yiu. He is an instructor of Choy Lee Fut Shung Ying School in Canada. He has been a gold medalist in many Northwestern Canada tournaments. See his photo demonstration under Gun.

Yiu, Hilbert T.S. A member of the Canadian National Wushu team in 1986. He is a prominent practitioner of Cailifoquan, international Wushu competition routines, and lion dancing. His lion dancing team has received several gold medals in Canadian national Wushu championships. He was instrumental in the organization of several east coast U.S.A. and Canadian national Wushu championships. He is the Vice President of Wushu B.C. and the Confederation of Canadian Wushu Organizations. See his photo demonstrations under Cailifoquan and Cha.

Yizu Wushu This term refers to the Wushu developed by the Yizu ethnic people. It is believed, that during the reign of the Qing Emperor, Daoguang, between 1823 and 1850, Wushu spread to the Yizu people. They have many routines, over twenty different weapon routines, and Sanshou training. Fifty years ago, there was an old man named Pu Chaoqing who was said to have extraordinary Wushu ability. Once he performed a jumping toe kick to the ceiling. Before he came down, he gently nudged his wife off the chair she was sitting on with his other leg and landed on the chair in a crossed leg sitting position. His light-body ability had to be amazing to be able to do so.

The Yizu people had often won Shuaijiao and fighting competitions during the annual Southwestern ethnic competions that included over thirty divisions. In the 1960’s, Liang Shou-Yu was the first Han ethnic person to win against a Yizu competitor. Liang was still in college at the time. The Han ethnic people were traditionally not as strong as the Yizu competitors and had never won Shuaijiao competitions.

Yongchunquan Legend has it, that it was created by Yan Sanniang in Yongchun County, Fujian Province. Many believed that its name was derived from the location where it was created. Others believed that Yan Sanniang’s other name was Yongchun, therefore, the style was called Yongchunquan. The movements of Yongchunquan require that the hand movements do not go higher than the eyebrows and not lower than the crotch; and left and right movements do not go wider than shoulder width. It attacks an opponent’s center while protecting its own center. Its emphasis is on close range applications. Traditional routines include: Xiaorentou , Biaozi , and Xunqiao .

Figure Y-3: Wooden Dummy Drills/Sunny Tang

Figure Y-4: Sticky Hands/Fred Kwok and partner

Figure Y-5: Butterfly Knives/Vingrove Thomas

Yu, Wen Mei Recognized as a Top Instructor in Taijiquan in the Wushu division of China in 1983. She was a former professor at Jin Wu Athletic College and a former General Secretary of the Shanghai Physical Culture Association for the elderly. As a competitor, she has won many tournaments in China and the United States. She also received numerous awards including the "Award of Excellence" presented to her by the National Women’s Martial Arts Federation. She has published more than 40 articles in the Inside Kung Fu Magazine. She was recognized as the 1994 "Writer of the Year" and as the 1997 "Women of the Year" by Inside Kung Fu magazine. She currently teaches at the Jian Mei Association in Burbank, California, U.S.A. See her photo demonstration under Taijiquan.

Yuan, Shaoliang A physician at Beijing Hospital of Chinese Medicine. He is a professor of Taiji and Qigong at the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Academy for Performing Arts, and various institutions in Hong Kong. Since his youth, he has studied under many prominent Wushu teachers in Beijing. He is known for Dabeiquan and several other Wushu styles. He is an antique collector; and he has been featured in numerous Chinese newspapers in Hong Kong. See his photo demonstration under Dabeiquan.

Yuanyangyue Deer Hooks or Meridian Ax Couple (Drawing Y-1). It is a Baguazhang weapon, usually used in pairs.

Figure Y-6: Yuanyanchan/He Tao

Yuejiajiao Translated as Yue Family Teaching. Legend has it, that it originated in Hunan Province and spread to Meixian in Guangdong Province. There is a known routine called Yipenzhu .

Yuemenquan Translated as Yue Family Fist. This is one of the most well-known Emei Styles. Legend has it, that it was created by Marshall Yue Fei . There are over seventy known barehanded routines, over twenty weapons routines, and many matching routines and training methods.

Yueshilianquan Translated as Yue Family Connected Fist. It is believed to have been created by Marshall Yue Fei during the Song Dynasty. It was known as Yushi Sanshou , meaning Yue Family free fighting techniques. During the Qing Dynasty, Liu Sijun created additional short routines into this style and connected the short routines into a longer routine for training. Thereby, the style was later named Yue Family Connected Fist. It is classified as Changquan.

Yujiaquan Translated as Yu Family Fist. It is known in eastern Sichuan Province. Yujiaquan combined the philosophies of Taoist and Confucius thinking into their style. There are sixteen known barehanded routines, eight weapon routines, and eight training methods.

Yumen Translated as Yu Family Style. This style was created by Yu Qian during the Ming Dynasty. Yumen is characterized by the Empty Stance, it utilizes defensive-offense as a strategy, and uses soft-neutralizing against hard attacks. The known barehanded routines include: Zhiziquan , Mianzhangquan , and Bangeyanqing . Its known weapon routines include: Nanyangdao , Gunlongdao , Wumingdao , and Gunlu .

Yumenquan Legend has it, that it was derived from the Wuqinzi Qigong created by Hua Tuo . In the 1770’s, Yu Youfu continued this style and taught it to his students. Thereby, the style was later named Yumenquan. Yumenquan has many changing hand techniques and a few kicking techniques. There are over thirty known barehanded routines and fourteen weapon routines.

Yumenquan Translated as Fish Style. Legend has it, that in Hubei Province there were six Wushu companions that were inspired by observing swimming fish and fishermen casting their nets. Yumenquan is also known as Liujiayi . This style has many similar characteristics as in Taijiquan. The known routines include: Bazhentu , Bagua-fan , Youchang , Liuhe , and Luhechangquan .

Figures Y-7 and Y-8: Yumenquqan/ Guo Jianhua

Yunnan Province A Chinese province located at the southeastern border of China. It borders Vietnam and Laos to its south. It covers 394 thousand square kilometers with a population of over 41 million people as of 1999.

Z

Zang, Lijuan A native of Cangzhou, Henan Province. She inherited her family's Wushu styles. She is a prominent practitioner in many Wushu styles including Mulanquan and Dunhuangquan. She currently teaches in San Gabriel, California, USA. See her photo demonstrations under Mulanquan and Dunhuanquan.

Zangqiang Wushu This term refers to the Wushu developed from the Xizhang and Qiang area. The Qiang ethnic Chinese had its own Wushu. For ten years, between the years 136 and 165, the Han people were at war with the Qiang people. Qiang had to develop their Wushu to combat the Han.

In the Tang Dynasty, to attain peace, the King of Xizang and the Emperor of Tang arranged for the marriage between Princess Wencheng of Tang and the Prince of Zang. Princess Wencheng brought with her, her Han culture and bodyguards that were Wushu experts. Han Wushu spread to Zang and assisted in furthering the development of Wushu for the Zang.

The Zang people also absorbed the Qiang Wushu and developed what was known as Quanba . During the Qing Dynasty, the royal family often employed the services of the Xizang Mizong Lama to protect the palaces.

Zen See Chan. The Japanese romanization of Chan.

Zhang, Hong Mei She was born in Beijing, China. She began studying Wushu at age 9. She was a member of the Beijing Wushu Team. She was a Chinese National Champion in Baguazhang, Double Sword, and Sparring Routines. At the First International Wushu Games, she won a gold medal in the Straight Sword category. She has traveled around the world performing and teaching Wushu, including the Yokohama Wushu Society. She is currently the teacher and cofounder of the Pacific Wushu and the Stanford Wushu Club. See her photo demonstrations under Baguazhang and Jian.

Zhang, Li She was an Associate Professor of Physical Education at Hunan Medical University. She is a Chinese National Wushu Judge, and a Fifth Degree Black Belt Wushu Instructor. She came to the United States in 1996. In 1997, she was awarded the "Top One Hundred Wushu Practitioners" award at the 1997 World Cup Wushu Championships. She currently teaches in Seattle, Washington, U.S.A. See her photo demonstration under Baguazhang.

Zhang, Lingmei One of three prominent female swordsmen in the 1970’s. She was the former head coach for the Shanxi Provincial team . She has represented China many times as a performer, coach, and leader, for China Wushu teams performing around the world. She is a certified Senior Coach and National Judge of Wushu. She is one of two women to receive the Wushu Contribution Award from the Chinese Wushu Research Institute. She is a Seventh Level Black Belt in Wushu awarded by the Chinese Wushu Institute. She is also included in the book, Biography of China's Prominent Wushu Practitioners . She currently teaches in San Francisco, California, U.S.A. See her photo demonstration under Jian.

Zhang, Peng A former member of the Shaanxi Provincial Wushu team. He is a Wuyin title recipient. He was also a member of the China Wushu team that performed in many countries around the world. He attained many gold and silver medals in China's national Wushu competitions. He is a graduate of the Beijing Physical Education University and was a Wushu instructor at the Beijing Artillery Command Center. He has also appeared in many Wushu movies and TV programs. He has been judging in Canadian National Wushu competitions. See his photo demonstration under Dao.

Zhang, Shu-Fang A graduate of the Beijing Physical Education University In the 1960’s, he was a professional coach of Wushu, weight lifting, and Shuaijiao, for the Beijing City Sports Committee Association ( ). He was a gold medalist in the Beijing Physical Education University Shuaijiao competition. He was a professor at Beijing Qigong University , and a professor of Traditional Chinese Medicine. He was a student of Wang Shichuan and Yao Zongxun . Yao was a disciple of Wang Xiangzhai , the founder of Danchengquan. See his photo demonstrations under Dachengquan and Duanbin Boji.

Zhang, Xuexin (1928-) A senior disciple of Feng Zhiqiang and studied under Chen Zhaokui. He is a prominent Chen Style Taiji practitioner in the United States. Prior to immigrating to the United States, he taught Taijiquan in China for over ten years and was certified by the Chen Style Taiji Association. He currently teaches in San Francisco, California and gives workshops around the world. See his photo demonstration under Taijiquan.

Zhang, Zhi Bin In 1953, at age 8, he was the youngest practitioner to represent Northeast China in the China National Wushu Competitions. In 1958, he became a member of the Heilongjiang Provincial Wushu Team. In 1960, he was a member of the Wushu delegation that accompanied Premier Zhou Enlai to Burma. He is a graduate of the Wuhan Physical Education University, and the Wushu coach for Harbin City. In the past 36 years or more, he has trained many outstanding Wushu athletes. In 1989, 1993, and 1995, he traveled to Russia, Korea, and Japan to teach Wushu. He is a prominent Wushu practitioner in Harbin, China with over 50 years of Wushu experience. In 1999, he was awarded an Eight Degree Black Belt. He currently teaches in Canada. See his photo demonstration under Taizuquan.

Zhao, Li-Ying She graduated from the Beijing Physical Education University in 1964. She was the former coach of short weapons and sword fighting for the Beijing City Sports Committee Association . She currently teaches in Richmond, British Columbia, Canada. See her photo demonstration under Duanbin Boji.

Zhao, Ziqiu (1904-1998) A graduate of the Central Guoshu Institute. In the 1930’s, Zhao Ziqiu defeated three prominent foreign challengers. He was also a prominent practitioner of Chinese language and medicine. Since Wushu, language, and martial arts, are three Chinese national arts, he was also nicknamed, Mr. Three Nationals . He wrote the Emei Huamen Nanquan . He was the Vice Chairman of the Chongqing Wushu Association and was an advisor of the International Wushu Sanshou Dao Association. See his photo demonstration under Baguazhang.

Zhaomenquan Translated as Zhao Family Fist. Legend has it, that it originated from the first Northern Song Dynasty Emperor, Zhao Kuanyin . There are two major groups within this style. One is the Sanyuanpai that migrated to Sanyuan County in Shanxi Province during the middle of the Qing Dynasty. The other is the Zhilipai that migrated to Zhili during the middle of the Qing Dynasty by Zhang Tianhu . Zhaomenquan focuses on kicking applications, and tends to use offense as a defense. They have many barehanded routines, weapon routines, and training methods.

Zhejiang Province A Chinese province located south of Shanghai City and Jiangsu Province. It borders the East China Sea to its east. It covers over 101 thousand square kilometers with a population of over 44 million people as of 1999.

Zhimen This style originated in the 1850’s by Deng Dingguo . Deng taught it to his son, Deng Jida . Deng Jida taught it to his son. The grandson of Deng Dingguo taught it to the general public when he became the head instructor of the Fengdu Guoshu School . Zhimen movements are open and extended. The known routine includes: Xuanfeng Saoluoye and a training method known as Baiyunzuojingong .

Zhoujiaquan Translated as Zhou Family Fist. This style was created by Zhou Yufeng of Chongqing City during the reign of the Qing Emperor, Qianlong , between 1736 and 1795. There are four known barehanded routines, two weapon routines, and two sparring routines.

Zhu, Tian Cai An official 19th generation Chen Taiji successor and renowned as one of the "Great Fours". He has traveled all over China and around the world to teach and promote Taijiquan. He was the former president of the Chen Village Taijiquan School . Currently, he is an advanced instructor at the Singapore Tiancai Taijiquan Training Centre. See his photo demonstration under Taijiquan.

Zhua Refers to weapons with a claw at one end. It can be connected to a piece of rope (Drawing Z-1) or to a pole, such as a Jinlongzhua (, Drawing Z-2).

Zhuangzu Wushu This term refers to the Wushu developed by the Zhuangzu ethnic people. There have been many legendary Zhuangzu Wushu practitioners in China. On the Huashanyai cliff drawing in Guangxi, there is a vivid drawing representing the fighting abilities of the Zhuangzu people. Historical records describe that the Zhuangzu people were so fierce in battles that they made their enemies drop their shields and armor, and run for their lives.

Lady Washi in the Ming Dynasty was described to have led her young warriors into battle with double sabers, right into the core of the enemy camp, and killed the enemy commander. During the Qing Dynasty, Xiao Chaogui and Tan Shaoguang were prominent Wushu practitioners that served the Qing Dynasty and were awarded high royal positions.

Zhujiajiao Translated as Zhu Family Teaching. This style is popular in Xingning in Guangdong Province. Some of the known routines include: Sanbujian , Dane , Shuangquan , Huaquan , and Jianliquan ; and many fighting methods.

Zimen-1 In 1838, Luo Baishanye of Sichuan was 12 years old, when he went to Henan to study Zimen Wushu. Later, he traveled all over China absorbing a vast amount of other style’s essences into Zimen Wushu. Zimen has no routines to speak of. Each zi or word is an application and/or a training method. Each zi could consist of one or several movements.

Zimen-2 There are three legends to the origin of this style. Some believe that it was created by Chen Yu of Henan Province. Others believe it was created by Zhou Daxia of Guilin after he learned his Wushu in the Emei Mountains. Yet, others believe it was created by Li Quanshi , a military general of the Qing Dynasty. The beginning and end of the routines from the Zimen Style of Henan resembles specific characters. There are over thirty known barehanded routines, one Liuhe Qimeigun , one Fenghuang Shuangdao , and eleven Sanshou and training methods.

Zimu Nanquan Translated as Mother and Son Nanquan. This style was created by Peng Ying who was a Wudang Taoist. He participated in the Keju , an imperial China civil service examination where he passed the martial examination. During the reign of the Emperor Guangxu (1875-1908), the emperor sent him to represent the Qing Dynasty in Europe and America for seven years. When he returned, he was awarded a military office in Beijing. There are six known barehanded routines, three weapon routines, and two training methods.

Ziranmen Translated as Natural Style. One legend states that this style was created by Xu Xiake . Xu taught Ziranmen to Jin Chanzi , and then two generations later it was taught to Yang Wenzhao of Sichuan. Xu also taught Ziranmen to Du Xinwu , and Du taught it to Wan Liasheng .

Ziranmen is considered an internal style. Some of the known routines include: Xinyiquan , Bazhenquan , Baluquan , Feilongjian , Huolonggun , and Baxianguai . They also have numerous fighting techniques and training methods. Practitioners start with a specific training and gradually go beyond the forms and shapes, into unrestricted and natural expressions of fighting movements.

Ziwumen Translated as Midnight and Noon Style. This is an Emei Style. During the end of the Qing Dynasty, two Emei Buddhist high priests, Taikong Fashi and Shendeng Fashi , traveled to the four famous mountains in China. They exchanged their techniques with practitioners of Shaolin and Wudang, and absorbed both the Internal and the Externals Styles' essence. Twenty years later, they created the style named Ziwumen.

Ziwu refers to the time of the day. Zi refers to midnight and wu refers to noontime. Much of the Buddhist training is around midnight or noontime, thereby the style's name was coined. This style utilizes the philosophy of Yin-Yang as its principle. There are six known barehanded routines, several weapon routines, and six training methods.

Zou, Fu A prominent Longxingquan teacher in Hong Kong. See his photo demonstration under Longxingquan.

Zou, Yinghui She has a master's degree from the Beijing University of Physical Education. She was the team captain of the Hunan Provincial Wushu team; and has been a silver and bronze medalist in China National Wushu Competitions. From 1976 to 1986, she was a coach for the Hunan Provincial Wushu team. Many of her students attained gold, silver, or the top six places in China National Wushu Competitions. Since 1978, she has judged in over 60 China National and International Wushu Competitions. She was the assistant Referee General in China National Wushu Competitions; and is a certified International Wushu Forms Judge. She was the assistant dean of the Physical Education Department at the Hainan Teacher's University; and a Professor of Wushu. She has written five Wushu instructional materials and over twenty Wushu articles. See her photo demonstration under Changquan.

Zuiquan Translated as Drunken Style. Its routines are based on a drunkard’s intoxicated movements. A well-known Zuiquan routine is Zuibaxian , which imitates the drunken movements of the legendary Eight Immortals. Another well-known routine is the Drunkard Captures the Monkey matching routine.

Figures Z-1 and Z-2: Zuiquan/William Lai

Figure Z-3: Zuiquan/ Liu Weixiong